Gallbladder is a small organ under the liver with a function of aiding the digestive system in fat metabolism with storing of the bile produced by the liver.
Gallbladder cancer is defined as a cancer arises from the cells of tissue of the gallbladder. It is common cancer in central and South America, central and eastern Europe, Japan and northern India, but rare in North America.
Symptoms
1. Steady pain in the upper right abdomen
Due to enlarged of the tumor
2. Weakness
Due to not enough bile in production of energy in fat metabolism.
3. Loss of appetite
A common symptom of cancer
4. Weight loss
Another common symptom of cancer.
5. Jaundice
Due to abnormal liver function affected by gallbladder cancer.
6. Vomiting
Due to obstruction of bile flow.
7. Gallbladder inflammation
Due to obstruction of bile flow cause of inflammation
8. Etc.
Causes and risk factor
1. Genetic factors
In a study of Alterations of p53 gene in gallbladder cancer patients of North India, researchers concluded that our results show that 1//3rd of the north Indian patients with GBC have antibodies to p53 protein. The commonest identifiable alteration in the p53 gene was a frameshift mutation at codon 271.
2. Gallstones
Risk of gallbladder cancer increases with the presence of gallstones.
3. Inflammation of the gallbladder
Risk of gallbladder cancer increase for people with chronic gallbladder inflammation.
4. Obesity
In a study of Obesity and the risk of gallbladder cancer: a meta-analysis, researchers suggested in summary that this meta-analysis indicates that excess body weight is a risk factor for gallbladder cancer, suggesting that it may in part be prevented by maintaining a healthy body weight.
5. Alcohol drinking
Alcohol increases the risk if the development of gallstones in the bladder
6. Chemical substances
Exposure to certain chemical substance such as aromatic hydrocarbons may increase risk of the disease.
7. Age
elders over 70 of age is at risk of of gallbladder cancer.
8. Family history
Increased risk of the disease with people with family history of gallbladder cancer.
9. Smoking
In a study of Acute effect of smoking on gallbladder emptying and refilling in chronic smokers and nonsmokers, researchers found that there is a link between smoking and gallbladder.
10. Etc
Diagnosis and tests
After recording the family history and physical exam to check for any sign of cancer such as swelling, lump, etc. Your doctor may suggest the diagnosis and tests below.
1. Blood test for tumor markers (CEA and CA19-9)
Any indication of high levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA19-9 in the blood may be result of gallbladder cancer.
2. Ultrasound
Ultrasound allows your doctor to visualize and assess the size and to check for any abnormality and surrounding area with image taken from the test.
3. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details. The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
4. Chest x-ray
If your doctor suspected that cancer has invaded the lung tissue.
5. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the vulva and surrounding areas.
6. Biopsy
In gallbladder cancer biopsy, a very small tissue sample is extracted and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells by using a thin, tube like medical instrument to look for the grade of abnormal cells growth.
7. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is a procedure of x-ray the liver and bile ducts after injection of dye in toto the liver and bile duct with a thin tube-like needle inserted through the skin and into the liver to check for any blockage of the organ. In case a blockage is found, bile will be drained through a thin, flexible tube put in the liver to the small intestine.
9. Etc.
Grades
The grade of gallbladder cancer are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Gallbladder cancer is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated into deeper tissue but on the surface of the inside lining of the gallbladder .
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside gallbladder lining but still completely inside the gallbladder.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b.Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the gallbladder.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the gallbladder.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissue immediately outside of the gallbladder to distant parts of the body.
Prevention
A. How to avoid
1, Quit smoking
Smoking
In a study of Acute effect of smoking on gallbladder emptying and refilling in chronic smokers and nonsmokers: a sonographic study by Degirmenci B, Albayrak R, Haktanir A, Acar M, Yucel A. researchers found that smoking prolongs the maximal GB emptying time both in smokers and in nonsmokers though it is not significant. It delays GB contraction in chronic smokers and causes a significant decrease in GB emptying volume. Smoking causes no significant delay in GB refilling in both smokers and nonsmokers. These effects of smoking observed in acute phase result in bile stasis in GB. Bile stasis is the underlying cause of most GB disorders in chronic process.
2. Reduce intake of Alcohol drinking
Alcohol increases the risk if the development of gallstones in the bladder.
3. Reduce weight
In a study of Obesity and the risk of gallbladder cancer: a meta-analysis, researchers suggested in summary that this meta-analysis indicates that excess body weight is a risk factor for gallbladder cancer, suggesting that it may in part be prevented by maintaining a healthy body weight.
4. Chemical substances
In a study of Gallbladder cancer presenting with Trousseau's sign in a 31-year-old man with
occupational exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons, researchers found that his exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons was aetiologically important and further studies of workers with similar exposures should be taken.
5. Avoid inflammation of gallbladder
Cholecystitis People with inflammation of the gallbladder, Cholecystitis, are at risk of the cancer.
6. Etc.
B. Diet
1. Garlic
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
2. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.
3. Carrot
Carrot contains high amount of beta carotene which has shown to induce appotosis of cancer cells. In study of Cell Cycle Regulation and Induction of Apoptosis by β-carotene, researchers found that in vivo study warrants further confirmation that β-carotene acts as apoptosis agent in cancer cells particularly leukemia cells but not normal cells.
4. Tomato
Many studies showed that antioxidant lycopene in tomato inhibits cancer cell growth and exhibit apoptosis, causing cell death.
5. Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, etc. beside contain high amount of antioxidants, but also phytonutrients that have been shown to help prevent the onset and halt the progression of certain cancers.
6. Etc.
C. Nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidants - - free radical scavengers
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
3. Theanine
an amino acid that produces tranquilizing effects in the brain, theanine found in green tea, has a significant clinical results for naturally calming as it promotes alpha brain waves, putting you in a state of relaxation without causing drowsiness. It also increases the dopamine levels in the brain, leading to a well-being feeling.
4. Indole-3-carbinol
Cabbage, a curciferous vegetables contains high amount of indole-3-carbinol, a chemical which boosts DNA repair in cells and appears to block the growth of cancer cells.
5. Quercetin
In study of effects of quercetin on human laryngeal cancer Hep-2 cells, researchers found that Quercetin could effectively inhibit the proliferation of Hep-2 cells and its mechanism is probably related to the apoptosis
6. Etc.
Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
1. Surgery
Surgery is the primary treatment for patient with in gallbladder cancer. If the cancer has not spread and within the gallbladder, then removing it will have a higher chance to cure. If the cancer has spread to the liver then surgery will include the removal of the gallbladder and parts of the liver.
2. Radiotherapy
a. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing. Depending to stage, grade and location of the affected area. Radiation may be used in situations when surgery isn't an option.
b. Side effects
b.1.. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
3. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of skin cancer, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
4. Etc
B. Herbal medicine
1. Aloe
In some studies, researchers suggest that some chemical compounds of aloe, such as acemannan, aloeride, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) may have immunomodulating and anticancer effects.
2. Leaves of Camellia sinensis
In some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.
3. Allium sativum,
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
4. Allium tuberosum
In a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro. Oral administration of leek extract significantly reduced lung metastases in the present animal model.
5. Absinthe
Absinthe is also known as Wormwood, a distilled, highly alcoholic beverage flowers extracted from leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium. In a study, researcher at the University of Washington found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer.
C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Gan Cao
Gan Cao is also known as Licorice root. In-vitro, researchers found that saponins in Gan Cao stimulate the immune system and inhibit Epstein-Barr virus expression and possess anti-cancer activities.
2. Huang Qi
In study of Astragalus-Based Chinese Herbs and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials, researchers found that astragalus may increase effectiveness of platinum-based chemotherapy when combined with chemotherapy. These results require confirmation with rigorously controlled trials.
According to the American Cancer Society, the substances, licochalcone-A, licocoumarone and glabridin, which are present in licorice root, may prevent mutations in the DNA and kill existing cancer.
3. Wu Ling Zhi
Wu Ling Zhi is also known as Trogopterus Dung. A report from China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2006-07 showed that Radix ex Rhizoma Ginseng and Trogopterus Dung inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of tumor cell.
4. Qing Hao
Qing Hao is also known as wormwood. In a study, researcher at the University of Washington researcher found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer among the ancient arts of Chinese folk medicine.
5. Ban Zhi Lian
In a recent study results suggest that ginger, tea, and a Chinese herb called Scutellaria barbata or Ban Zhi Lian could all help to prevent cancer.
For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Saturday, July 2, 2011
Rare Cancer in Adulthood - Carcinoid/ Carcinoid Tumors
Carcinoid is a slow-growing type of neuroendocrine tumor, arisen from the malignant cells of the neuroendocrine system, but it can produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream, causing symptoms of flushing in the face and chest and wheezing. Approximately 75–87% The tumors found in the digestive tract such as appendix, small bowel, stomach. etc. at the level of the ileum and 28% in the respiratory tract of all cases.
Symptoms
1. Abdominal pain and cramps
Due to the tumor in the abdomen has affected the nerve of the area.
2. Symptoms due to production of hormones from the cancer
a. Facial flushing
b. Chest flushing
c. Diarrhea
d. Wheezing
e. Etc.
Causes and risk factors
1. Family history
Increased risk of carcinoid for people with family history with the disease.
2. Health condition
Certain chronic health conditions, such as a peptic ulcer or Zollinger Ellison syndrome can increase risk of the carcinoid.
3. Race
Black men of African descent are at higher risk than other races.
4. Gender
Women are at higher risk of carcinoid before the age of 50, but the risk reverses after that
5. Smoking
A study in Europe also found that smoking may double the risk of having a carcinoid tumor in the small intestine than non smokers
6. Syndrome
Family syndrome with multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 (MEN1) is at higher risk of the disease.
7. Etc.
Grades
The grade of mesothelioma are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Carcinoid is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated into deeper tissue and remain on the surface of the organ.
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside tissue lining but still completely inside the affected organ.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:
The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b.Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the other tissue of the organ, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:
Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage IIIn stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the affected organ.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the affected organ.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissue immediately outside of the affected organ to distant parts of the body.
Diagnosis and test
After recording your family history and symptoms of above, a physical exam is to check for any sign of tumor,especially in the abdominal region.
1. Urinary and blood test
The tests is to measure the levels of the levels of serotonin or its by-products such as 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), neuropeptide, neurotensin, secretin, etc. over 24 hours period, the higher levels may be an indication of carcinoid. Serotonin-rich foods such as pineapple, eggplant, walnuts, banana, etc. may interfere with result make sure you follow the instruction your doctor before taking the tests.
2. Chest x ray
If your doctor suspected the cancer has spread to the lung or the primary cancer is in the lung.
3. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details. The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
4. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the tissue, the organ and surrounding areas.
5. Positron emission tomography (PET)
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a type of nuclear medicine imaging with the uses of small amounts of short-lived radioactive material, either injected into a vein, swallowed or inhaled as a gas which will appear in the area of the body being examined, where it gives off energy in the form of gamma rays detected by a camera of positron emission tomography that produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes of the organ in the body.
6. Etc.
Preventions
A. How to avoid
1. People with stomach pain and ulcer may have carcinoid growth in the stomach without knowing, because it is slow grow and most of time it can be discovered before causing any symptoms or problem.
2. Quit smoking
Since smoking double the risk of carcinoid, stop smoking can reduces it.
3. Etc.
B. Diet
Although there no effective way in preventing the development of carcinoids, eating foods contains high amount of antioxidants and have been found to have some effects in killing cancers in certain studies might be helpful in preventing the disease.
1. Green tea
Green tea contain low levels of oxalate and some researchers believe that the amount of oxalate may already absorbed by the digestive system, before it has the change to enter the body . In some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.
2. Grape
Grape contains high amount of resveratrol which in some clinical studies of resveratrol, researchers found that resveratrol demonstrated an ability to reduce tumors already in existence, prevent cellular damage, and work to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy.
3. Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, etc. beside contain high amount of antioxidants, but also phytonutrients that have been shown to help prevent the onset and halt the progression of certain cancers.
4. Carrot
In a study from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (UK) and the University of Southern Denmark (Odense) used a rat model to study the effect of carrots and falcarinol on tumor development, researchers found that found a diet rich in carrots provides anticancer benefits due to the activity of the chemical falcarinol.
5. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.
6. Etc.
C. Nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidant - free radical scavengers
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
3. Indole-3-carbinol
Cabbage, a curciferous vegetables contains high amount of indole-3-carbinol, a chemical which boosts DNA repair in cells and appears to block the growth of cancer cells.
4. Modified citrus pectin
In a study, researcher found modified citrus pectin may help block the growth and metastasis of solid tumors.
5. Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are under active research for possible benefits immune system, and as anti-cancer agents. Flavonoids found abundant in berry, inhibit caner cell in vitro study.
6. Etc.
Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
1. Surgery
In most cases, due to slow growth over a long period of time before it can cause any symptom, carcinoid is discovered in operation of other diseases and it is removed in the same surgery.
2. Radiotherapy
a. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills lung cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing. Depending to stage or grade there are two types of radiation therapy. In carcinoma, radiotherapy is useful when it is cauing symptoms or the recurrence of the cancer.
b. Side effects
b.1.. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
3. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of indolent lymphomas, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs, such as streptozotocin, 5-flourouracil, dacarbazine, etc. taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells. In carcinoma, chemotherapy is not very sensitive, but can be helpful to relieve symptoms caused hormonal change.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
4. Embolization
a. Embolization is a minimally invasive treatment to block the blood vessels or vascular channels of the cancer. In carcinoma, by injecting certain substance into the artery that feeds the tumor to block the blood supply to the tumor, thus reducing the symptoms caused by 5-ht, under guiding of x ray image.
b. Risks and side effects
1. Fever
2. Pain in the affected area.
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Etc.
B. Herbal medicine
1. Fenugreek
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed), genus Trigonella, belonging to family Fabaceae. Vitro studies have shown that fenugreek exhibits chemopreventive properties against certain cancers.
2. Celandine
Celandine is a herbaceous perennial plant, genus Chelidonium, belonging to the family Papaveraceae, native to Europe and western Asia and introduced widely in North America.
In a study of Ukrain (Ukrain is an anticancer drug based on the extract of the plant)– a new cancer cure? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials, researcher suggested, according to the data from randomised clinical trials that Ukrain to have potential as an anticancer drug. However, numerous caveats prevent a positive conclusion, and independent rigorous studies are urgently needed.
3. Asparagus Cochinchinensis
In vitro studies researchers found that curcumin acts as a weak phytoestrogen, exhibits neuroprotective, antiproliferative and preventative effects against cancer.
4. Absinthe
Absinthe is also known as Wormwood, a distilled, highly alcoholic beverage flowers extracted from leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium. In a study, researchers at the University of Washington found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer.
5. Aloe
in some studies, researchers suggest that some chemical compounds of aloe, such as acemannan, aloeride, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) may have immunomodulating and anticancer effects.
6. Etc.
C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Dang qui
Dang qui is also known as Chinese angelica root. A study published in the journal Life Sciences in August 2004 showed that an extract of Dang qui was able to slow the proliferation of several different types of cancer cells in vitro.
2. Huang Qi
In study of Astragalus-Based Chinese Herbs and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials, researchers found that astragalus may increase effectiveness of platinum-based chemotherapy when combined with chemotherapy. These results require confirmation with rigorously controlled trials.
According to the American Cancer Society, the substances, licochalcone-A, licocoumarone and glabridin, which are present in licorice root, may prevent mutations in the DNA and kill existing cancer.
3. Pu Kong Yin (Dandelion Root)
In a study of the efficacy of dandelion root extract in inducing apoptosis in drug-resistant human melanoma cells, researchers found that treatment with this common, yet potent extract of natural compounds has proven novel in specifically inducing apoptosis in chemoresistant melanoma, without toxicity to healthy cells.
4. Bai Hua She She Cao
The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.
5. Jie Geng
The Researchers found that aponins in Jie Geng have been shown to very significantly augment the cytotoxicity of immunotoxins and other targeted toxins directed against human cancer cells.
6. Etc.
For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Symptoms
1. Abdominal pain and cramps
Due to the tumor in the abdomen has affected the nerve of the area.
2. Symptoms due to production of hormones from the cancer
a. Facial flushing
b. Chest flushing
c. Diarrhea
d. Wheezing
e. Etc.
Causes and risk factors
1. Family history
Increased risk of carcinoid for people with family history with the disease.
2. Health condition
Certain chronic health conditions, such as a peptic ulcer or Zollinger Ellison syndrome can increase risk of the carcinoid.
3. Race
Black men of African descent are at higher risk than other races.
4. Gender
Women are at higher risk of carcinoid before the age of 50, but the risk reverses after that
5. Smoking
A study in Europe also found that smoking may double the risk of having a carcinoid tumor in the small intestine than non smokers
6. Syndrome
Family syndrome with multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 (MEN1) is at higher risk of the disease.
7. Etc.
Grades
The grade of mesothelioma are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Carcinoid is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated into deeper tissue and remain on the surface of the organ.
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside tissue lining but still completely inside the affected organ.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:
The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b.Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the other tissue of the organ, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:
Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage IIIn stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the affected organ.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the affected organ.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissue immediately outside of the affected organ to distant parts of the body.
Diagnosis and test
After recording your family history and symptoms of above, a physical exam is to check for any sign of tumor,especially in the abdominal region.
1. Urinary and blood test
The tests is to measure the levels of the levels of serotonin or its by-products such as 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), neuropeptide, neurotensin, secretin, etc. over 24 hours period, the higher levels may be an indication of carcinoid. Serotonin-rich foods such as pineapple, eggplant, walnuts, banana, etc. may interfere with result make sure you follow the instruction your doctor before taking the tests.
2. Chest x ray
If your doctor suspected the cancer has spread to the lung or the primary cancer is in the lung.
3. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details. The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
4. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the tissue, the organ and surrounding areas.
5. Positron emission tomography (PET)
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a type of nuclear medicine imaging with the uses of small amounts of short-lived radioactive material, either injected into a vein, swallowed or inhaled as a gas which will appear in the area of the body being examined, where it gives off energy in the form of gamma rays detected by a camera of positron emission tomography that produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes of the organ in the body.
6. Etc.
Preventions
A. How to avoid
1. People with stomach pain and ulcer may have carcinoid growth in the stomach without knowing, because it is slow grow and most of time it can be discovered before causing any symptoms or problem.
2. Quit smoking
Since smoking double the risk of carcinoid, stop smoking can reduces it.
3. Etc.
B. Diet
Although there no effective way in preventing the development of carcinoids, eating foods contains high amount of antioxidants and have been found to have some effects in killing cancers in certain studies might be helpful in preventing the disease.
1. Green tea
Green tea contain low levels of oxalate and some researchers believe that the amount of oxalate may already absorbed by the digestive system, before it has the change to enter the body . In some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.
2. Grape
Grape contains high amount of resveratrol which in some clinical studies of resveratrol, researchers found that resveratrol demonstrated an ability to reduce tumors already in existence, prevent cellular damage, and work to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy.
3. Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, etc. beside contain high amount of antioxidants, but also phytonutrients that have been shown to help prevent the onset and halt the progression of certain cancers.
4. Carrot
In a study from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (UK) and the University of Southern Denmark (Odense) used a rat model to study the effect of carrots and falcarinol on tumor development, researchers found that found a diet rich in carrots provides anticancer benefits due to the activity of the chemical falcarinol.
5. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.
6. Etc.
C. Nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidant - free radical scavengers
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
3. Indole-3-carbinol
Cabbage, a curciferous vegetables contains high amount of indole-3-carbinol, a chemical which boosts DNA repair in cells and appears to block the growth of cancer cells.
4. Modified citrus pectin
In a study, researcher found modified citrus pectin may help block the growth and metastasis of solid tumors.
5. Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are under active research for possible benefits immune system, and as anti-cancer agents. Flavonoids found abundant in berry, inhibit caner cell in vitro study.
6. Etc.
Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
1. Surgery
In most cases, due to slow growth over a long period of time before it can cause any symptom, carcinoid is discovered in operation of other diseases and it is removed in the same surgery.
2. Radiotherapy
a. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills lung cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing. Depending to stage or grade there are two types of radiation therapy. In carcinoma, radiotherapy is useful when it is cauing symptoms or the recurrence of the cancer.
b. Side effects
b.1.. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
3. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of indolent lymphomas, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs, such as streptozotocin, 5-flourouracil, dacarbazine, etc. taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells. In carcinoma, chemotherapy is not very sensitive, but can be helpful to relieve symptoms caused hormonal change.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
4. Embolization
a. Embolization is a minimally invasive treatment to block the blood vessels or vascular channels of the cancer. In carcinoma, by injecting certain substance into the artery that feeds the tumor to block the blood supply to the tumor, thus reducing the symptoms caused by 5-ht, under guiding of x ray image.
b. Risks and side effects
1. Fever
2. Pain in the affected area.
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Etc.
B. Herbal medicine
1. Fenugreek
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed), genus Trigonella, belonging to family Fabaceae. Vitro studies have shown that fenugreek exhibits chemopreventive properties against certain cancers.
2. Celandine
Celandine is a herbaceous perennial plant, genus Chelidonium, belonging to the family Papaveraceae, native to Europe and western Asia and introduced widely in North America.
In a study of Ukrain (Ukrain is an anticancer drug based on the extract of the plant)– a new cancer cure? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials, researcher suggested, according to the data from randomised clinical trials that Ukrain to have potential as an anticancer drug. However, numerous caveats prevent a positive conclusion, and independent rigorous studies are urgently needed.
3. Asparagus Cochinchinensis
In vitro studies researchers found that curcumin acts as a weak phytoestrogen, exhibits neuroprotective, antiproliferative and preventative effects against cancer.
4. Absinthe
Absinthe is also known as Wormwood, a distilled, highly alcoholic beverage flowers extracted from leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium. In a study, researchers at the University of Washington found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer.
5. Aloe
in some studies, researchers suggest that some chemical compounds of aloe, such as acemannan, aloeride, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) may have immunomodulating and anticancer effects.
6. Etc.
C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Dang qui
Dang qui is also known as Chinese angelica root. A study published in the journal Life Sciences in August 2004 showed that an extract of Dang qui was able to slow the proliferation of several different types of cancer cells in vitro.
2. Huang Qi
In study of Astragalus-Based Chinese Herbs and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials, researchers found that astragalus may increase effectiveness of platinum-based chemotherapy when combined with chemotherapy. These results require confirmation with rigorously controlled trials.
According to the American Cancer Society, the substances, licochalcone-A, licocoumarone and glabridin, which are present in licorice root, may prevent mutations in the DNA and kill existing cancer.
3. Pu Kong Yin (Dandelion Root)
In a study of the efficacy of dandelion root extract in inducing apoptosis in drug-resistant human melanoma cells, researchers found that treatment with this common, yet potent extract of natural compounds has proven novel in specifically inducing apoptosis in chemoresistant melanoma, without toxicity to healthy cells.
4. Bai Hua She She Cao
The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.
5. Jie Geng
The Researchers found that aponins in Jie Geng have been shown to very significantly augment the cytotoxicity of immunotoxins and other targeted toxins directed against human cancer cells.
6. Etc.
For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Rare Cancer in Adulthood - Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma)
Bile duct, the tube-like structure carries bile to the intestine for foods digestion secreted by the liver through the common bile duct.
Bile duct cancer is defined as the malignant cells originated from the cells in the duct. It more likely to affects people between age of 50 - 70 with an annual incident rate of less 2 cases per 100,000 in the Western world.
Symptoms
1 Abdominal pain
Due to the enlarged tumor that has blocked the flow of bile.
2. Jaundice
Any blockage of the flow of bile will reduce liver function in waste procession, in this case, it is death of blood cells.
3. Weight loss
Weight loss is a general cause of cancer
4. Itching
Due to abnormal function in toxins procession.
5. Fever
As a result of infection or inflammation
6. Stool or urine color change
Due to bile flows back to the liver.
7. Enlarged liver
May be caused by back flow of bile
8. Nausea and vomiting
They are the general symptoms of cancer
9. Loss of appetite
Another general symptom of cancer
10. Etc.
Causes and risk factors
The exact cause of bile duct is unknown
1. Liver diseases
Increased risk of bile duct cancer for people with liver diseases such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, ulcerative colitis, choledochal cysts, cirrhosis, etc.
2. Parasites
Due to eating uncooked fish, meat and plant growth in the infected water contains tiny fluke parasite worm.
3. Age
The cancer is more likely to develop in the age between 50- 70.
4. Obesity
Hormonal change due to obesity increase the risk of bile duct cancer.
5. Gene
In a study of K-ras Mutation, p53 Overexpression, and Microsatellite Instability in Biliary Tract Cancers by Asif Rashid1, Takashi Ueki, Yu-Tang Gao, Patrick Scott Houlihan, Charita Wallace, Bing-Sheng Wang, Ming-Chang Shen, Jie Deng, and Ann W. Hsing reserchers found that ...K-ras mutation was present in 14.3% of the biliary tract cancers in our study......p53 overexpression was present in 27.6% of biliary tract cancers.... MSI-high was present in 3.2% of biliary tract cancers.... genetic alterations in biliary tract cancer vary by subsite and histological type of tumor and by age of onset of the tumor. The frequency of the K-ras mutation is dependent on the subsite of the biliary tract cancer and associated with prognosis of bile duct cancers; p53 overexpression and MSI are associated with the histological type of tumor; and MSI is associated with early age of onset without HNPCC.
6. Chemical exposure
People have exposed to certain chemical substances such as thorium dioxide, nitrosamines, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls are st risk of bile duct cancer.
7. Infection of hepatitis B and C
Inflammation and infection caused by hep B, C can cause the increased risk of the disease.
9. Family history
Risk of bile duct cancer increase for people with family history of bile duct cancer.
10. Alcohol drinking
Excessive drinking can cause cirrhosis, leading to increased risk of bile duct cancer.
11. Etc.
Grades
The grade of bile duct cancer are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Bile duct cancer is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated into deeper tissue but on the surface of the inside lining of the bile duct .
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside bile duct lining but still completely inside the bile duct.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b.Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the bile duct.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the bile duct.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissue immediately outside of the bile duct to distant parts of the body.
Diagnosis and tests
After recording the family history and physical exam to check for any sign of cancer such as swelling, lump, etc. Your doctor may suggested the diagnosis and tests below.
1. Blood test
With the blood withdrawn from your vein, it is test to measure the levels of bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. Higher levels of above are indication of improper function of the bile duct.
2. Blood test for tumor markers (CEA and CA19-9)
Any indication of high levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA19-9 in the blood may be result of bile duct cancer.
3. Biopsy
In bile duct cancer biopsy, a very small tissue sample is extracted and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells by using a thin, tube like medical instrument to look for the grade of abnormal cells growth by a pathologist, depending to the location of the cancer.
4. Ultrasound
Ultrasound allows your doctor to visualize and assess the size and to check for any abnormality and surrounding area with image taken from the test.
5. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details. The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
6. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the vulva and surrounding areas.
7. Fine needle aspiration (FNA)
In fine needle aspiration (FNA) bile duct diagnosis, a needle is guided by ultrasound or CT scan from the skin through the abdomen and into the bile duct to exam the tumor if there is one. Sample is also taken for examination by a pathologist under microscope.
8. Etc.
Preventions
A. How to avoid
1. Avoid eating raw fish and meat
It is proven that raw fish and meat may contain parasites which cause bile duct cancer.
2. Clean your raw vegetables
vegetables grown in contaminated water can contain parasites that cause the disease.
3. Avoid infected by hepatitis
Take hepatitis vaccine
4. Avoid exposure to certain chemicals
Avoid making contact with certain chemicals such as thorium dioxide, nitrosamines, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls can increase the risk if bile duct cancer. If occupation required, please take all necessary precaution.
5. Lose weight
Obesity is proven can cause hormonal changes that can cause bile duct cancer.
6. Avoid alcohol
Excessive drinking can cause cirrhosis and other liver diseases.
7. Etc.
B. Diet
1. Carrot
Carrot contains high amount of beta carotene which has shown to induce appotosis of cancer cells. In study of Cell Cycle Regulation and Induction of Apoptosis by β-carotene, researchers found that in vivo study warrants further confirmation that β-carotene acts as apoptosis agent in cancer cells particularly leukemia cells but not normal cells.
2. Garlic
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
3. Green tea
In some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.
4. Cabbage
Cabbage beside contains high amount of antioxidants, but also phytonutrients that have been shown to help prevent the onset and halt the progression of certain cancers.
5. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.
6. Etc.
C. Nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidants - free radical scavengersVitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
3. Lycopene
Many studies showed that antioxidant lycopene in tomato inhibits cancer cell growth and exhibit apoptosis, causing cell death.
4. Omega 3 polyunsurated fatty acid
In a study of Cyclooxygenase-2–Derived Prostaglandin E2 Activates Beta-Catenin in Human Cholangiocarcinoma Cells: Evidence for Inhibition of TheseSignaling Pathways by W3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Kyu Lim, Chang Han, Lihong Xu, Kumiko Isse, Anthony J. Demetris and Tong Wu, researchers found that COX-2–derived PGE2 activates beta-catenin in human cholangiocarcinomacells and that N3-PUFAs inhibit cholangiocarcinoma cell growth by simultaneously blocking beat-catenin and COX-2 signaling pathways.Our findings provide important preclinical evidence and molecularinsight for potential utilization of omega 3-PUFAs in the chemopreventionand treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
5. Selenium
Research showed that selenium has a protective effect on various stages of cancer, including both the early and later stages of the disease. In a study in large groups of people, researchers found that in areas of the world where selenium levels in the soil are high, death rates from cancer are significantly lower than in areas where selenium levels are low.
6.Etc.
Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
1. Surgery
a. The aim of the surgery is to cure, if the cancer is small, the bile duct is removed and replaced by making a new duct connect to the openings in the liver to the intestine. In case of cancer has spread to the liver then part of liver is removed as well, depending to the grade and stage and location of the cancer.
b. Risks and side effects
Surgical and anesthesia risks
2. Radiotherapy
a. Radiation may be used for stages II, III, and IV to kill any cancer cells remaining in the body. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills the cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing after surgery. Sometimes, radiotherapy is used instead of surgery under certain condition and situation.
b. Side effects
b.1. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
c. Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of cancer combined with radio therapy, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells. In bile duct cancer, the cancer is not sensitive to chemotherapy, but it can be used as additional treatment after surgery.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
B. Herb medicine
1. Tea
Tannins, a group of simple and complex phenol, polyphenols, and flavonoid compounds, once are considered anti nutritional but it is now known of their beneficial depending to their chemical structure and dosage for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasitic effects.
Theanine, an amino acid that produces tranquilizing effects in the brain, theanine found in green tea, has a significant clinical results for naturally calming as it promotes alpha brain waves, putting you in a state of relaxation without causing drowsiness. It also increases the dopamine levels in the brain, leading to a well-being feeling.
2. Celandine
Celandine is a herbaceous perennial plant, genus Chelidonium, belonging to the family Papaveraceae, native to Europe and western Asia and introduced widely in North America.
In a study of Ukrain (Ukrain is an anticancer drug based on the extract of the plant)– a new cancer cure? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials, researcher suggested, according to the data from randomised clinical trials that Ukrain to have potential as an anticancer drug. However, numerous caveats prevent a positive conclusion, and independent rigorous studies are urgently needed.
3. Curcumin
In laboratory and animal studies, researchers found that curcumin may slow the spread of cancer and the growth of new tumor blood vessels. It may also cause cancer cells to die.
4. Fenugreek
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed), genus Trigonella, belonging to family Fabaceae. Vitro studies have shown that fenugreek exhibits chemopreventive properties against certain cancers.
5. Etc.
C. Traditional Chinese medicineTannins, a group of simple and complex phenol, polyphenols, and flavonoid compounds, once are considered anti nutritional but it is now known of their beneficial depending to their chemical structure and dosage for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasitic effects.
Theanine, an amino acid that produces tranquilizing effects in the brain, theanine found in green tea, has a significant clinical results for naturally calming as it promotes alpha brain waves, putting you in a state of relaxation without causing drowsiness. It also increases the dopamine levels in the brain, leading to a well-being feeling.
2. Celandine
Celandine is a herbaceous perennial plant, genus Chelidonium, belonging to the family Papaveraceae, native to Europe and western Asia and introduced widely in North America.
In a study of Ukrain (Ukrain is an anticancer drug based on the extract of the plant)– a new cancer cure? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials, researcher suggested, according to the data from randomised clinical trials that Ukrain to have potential as an anticancer drug. However, numerous caveats prevent a positive conclusion, and independent rigorous studies are urgently needed.
3. Curcumin
In laboratory and animal studies, researchers found that curcumin may slow the spread of cancer and the growth of new tumor blood vessels. It may also cause cancer cells to die.
4. Fenugreek
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed), genus Trigonella, belonging to family Fabaceae. Vitro studies have shown that fenugreek exhibits chemopreventive properties against certain cancers.
5. Etc.
1. Pu Kong Yin (Dandelion Root)
In a study of the efficacy of dandelion root extract in inducing apoptosis in drug-resistant human melanoma cells, researchers found that treatment with this common, yet potent extract of natural compounds has proven novel in specifically inducing apoptosis in chemoresistant melanoma, without toxicity to healthy cells. Po kung yin is one the best Chinese herbs to treat hepatistic virus infection.
2. Bai Hua She She Cao
In a study of Evidence for Oldenlandia diffusa-evoked cancer cell apoptosis through superoxide burst and caspase activation by Yadav SK, Lee SC, researchers found that the ethanol extract of the herb effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.
3. Huang qi and Dang qui
According to the report of 2007 Dr. Narda G. Robinson, DO, DVM, MS. huang qi (astragalus) and Dang qui (angelica) activate the immune system and display antitumor activity.
In study of Astragalus-Based Chinese Herbs and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials, researchers found that astragalus may increase effectiveness of platinum-based chemotherapy when combined with chemotherapy. These results require confirmation with rigorously controlled trials.
According to the American Cancer Society, the substances, licochalcone-A, licocoumarone and glabridin, which are present in licorice root, may prevent mutations in the DNA and kill existing cancer.
4. Bai zhu
In a laboratory tests researchers found that neutral oil of the vaporizing oil bai zhu could inhibit esophagus cancer cells. 10mg/ml/hour could detach all the cancer cells. 5mg/ml/hour could detach most of the cancer cells and damaged the remaining cells. The nucleus became hazy and the cells became empty bubbles., according to Introduction of Research of Effect of Chinese Herbs on Cancer Cells.
5. Ling Zhi
Ling Zhi one of many herbs, has been used over thousands of year in treating abnormal cells growth in traditional Chinese and herbal medicine. In a study , researcher found that cancer cells responded to the herb much in the same way as they would react to chemotherapy drugs. Yet unlike chemotherapy drugs, which can also be toxic to healthy cells, herbal extracts were more deadly to cancer cells than to normal cells, indicating that they have some ability to specifically target cancer.
6. Etc.
For other cancer articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Rare Cancer in Adulthood - Anal cancer
Anus is a 3 cm muscular ring connected to the end of the rectum with the function of controlling the expulsion of feces.
Anal cancer is a type of cancer arisen from the malignant cells of the anus. It is a rare type of cancer in adulthood affected approximately 5000 men and women in US in 2010.
Symptoms
1. Bleeding
It may be caused by enlarged tumors affecting the capillaries in the anus or the large intestine trying to push waste through the blockage of the tumor.
2. Pain and pressure
As the feces trying to push through the blockage of the tumor or tumor has growth large enough to press onto the nerves.
3. Itching
May be due to infection
4. Lump
As the cancer has growth large enough to form a lump on the surface of the anus. This may be the early stage of the cancer.
5. Change of bowel habit
Due to affect of the tumor.
6. Weight loss
Any unintentional weight loss over 10% is the general symptoms of cancers.
7. Loss of appetite
Another symptom of cancer.
8. Lower back pain
The affect of tumor pressing to the nerve connect to the back.
9. Etc.
Causes and risk factors
1. Human papillomavirus (HPV virus)
In a study of Detection of Multiple Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Anal Carcinoma by Sonia Ramamoorthy, Yu-Tsueng Liu, Linda Luo, Katsumi Miyai, Qing Lu and John M Carethers, researchers found that the majority of anal cancers in our study associated with pathogenic HPV 16 and/or 18. Other HPV genotypes are present simultaneously with HPV 16 and 18, and might contribute to its pathogenesis.
2. Sexual activity
Anal sexual intercourse and sex with multiple partner can enhance the risk of HPV virus, leading to the disease.
3. Smoking
a. In a study by Epidemiologist Janet Daling, Ph.D., a member of Fred Hutchinson's Public Health Sciences Division, and her team, researchers found that smoking appears to play a significant role in anal-cancer development that's independent of other behavioral risk factors.
b. In a study of tobacco smoking and risk of recurrence for squamous cell cancer of the anus. researcher found that tobacco smoking appears to be associated with anal carcinoma disease recurrence, and is related to increased mortality. This data suggests that patients should be cautioned about tobacco smoking once a diagnosis of anal carcinoma is made in attempt to improve their long-term outcome.
4. Immunosuppression
The weaken immune system due to suppression of medicine insreaces riak of anal cancer as a result of HIV infection.
5. Inflammation
Inflammation caused by begnin anal lesions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), hemorrhoids, fistulae, hemorrhoids, anal fistulas, cicatrices, etc. enhance the risk of the cancer
6. Age
Risk of the cancer increase after age of 50
7. Etc.
Diagnosis and tests
After recording your family history and a complete physical exams for any lump including anal pap smears similar to those used in cervical cancer to detect the early stage of the anal cancer.
1. Anal pap smears
It is a easy done test similar to cervical pap test by using a small brush or cotton-tipped rod which is inserted into the anus to collect the the cells and examined under microscope.
2. Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound
It is a test with the use of a probe which is inserted into the rectum to generate high frequency sound waves (ultrasound waves) bouncing off internal tissues or organs. The pattern of echoes bounced off tissues is detected and converted into a picture on a screen of the computer to determine the location, size and stage of the cancer.
3. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details. The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
4. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the tissue, the organ and surrounding areas.
5. Etc.
Grades
The grade of anal cancer is depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Anal cancer is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cells have not penetrated into deeper tissue and remain on the surface of the anus.
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside tissue lining but still completely inside the affected anus.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b.Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the connected tissue of the anus, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the affected anus.
4. Stage IIIIn this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the affected anus.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissue immediately outside of the anus to distant parts of the body.
Preventions
A. How to avoid
1. Early diagnosis
If you feel that you have any of above symptoms, you should check with your doctor. In general, cancer disceovered in the early stage can ce treated without risk of colostomy.
2. Practice safe sex
If you have several partners or anal sexual preference, please use any precaution to be infected by sexual transmtting diseases.
3. Vaccine
At 22 December 2010, FDA has approved Gardasil vaccine to prevent anal cancer and pre-cancerous lesions in males and females aged 9 to 26 years to protect against anal cancer.
4. Quit Smoking
As it has been proven as one the risk factor of anal cancer.
5. Etc.
B. Diet
1. Omega 3 fatty acids
In a study of The Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cancer, researcher found that that omega-3 fatty acids may affect tumor behavior by competing with omega-6 fatty acids for the enzymes that metabolize them to their bioactive products or by influencing the genes for these enzymes; however, other evidence suggests an effect on intracellular redox state and the integrity of membrane lipids.
2. Carrot
In a study from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (UK) and the University of Southern Denmark (Odense) used a rat model to study the effect of carrots and falcarinol on tumor development, researchers found that found a diet rich in carrots provides anticancer benefits due to the activity of the chemical falcarinol.
3. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.
4. Grape
Grape contains high amount of resveratrol which in some clinical studies of resveratrol, researchers found that resveratrol demonstrated an ability to reduce tumors already in existence, prevent cellular damage, and work to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy.
5. Garlic
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
6. Etc.
C. Nutritional Supplements
1. Antioxiadant - Free radical scavengers
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Transferrin
In a study of Transferrin Binding Protein Nanoparticles to Treat Cancer, researcher found that the use of this technique (laboratory invented a “print” technology, able to exact size and shape of human Zaochu meet the expectations of the nano-particles.) to produce a kind of preclusion can be combined with human transfer the biocompatibility of ferritin nanoparticles, which can safely and accurately identify the spectrum of cancer, in addition to B cell lymphoma,....
3. Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are under active research for possible benefits immune system, and as anti-cancer agents. Flavonoids found abundant in berry, inhibit caner cell in vitro study.
4. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
5. Zinc
In Zinc and Cancer - Seminar by Belinda Hope indicated that epidemiologic studies suggest zinc deficiency may be associated with increased cancer risk and one way to do this is to improve general immunity using nutrients such as zinc.
6. Etc.
Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
1. Surgery
a. Depending to the location and size of the tumor, if the cancer is small, the chance of cure is higher, as it can be removed with out affect the anusfunctions.
b. In case of infeasibility, abdominoperineal resection may be necessary with the removal of the anus, rectum, and part of the sigmoid colon as an opening is made in the surface of the abdomen to collect body feces in a disposable bag outside of the body (colostomy)
c. Risks and side effects
Surgical and anesthesia risks
3. Radiotherapy
a. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills lung cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing. Depending to stage, grade and location of the affected area. Radiation may be used in situations when surgery isn't an option.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1.. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
4. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of the cancer, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs such as adriamycin, cis-platinum, cyclophosphamide, etc. taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigueb.
5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
B. Herbal medicine
1. Allium tuberosumIn a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro. Oral administration of leek extract significantly reduced lung metastases in the present animal model.
2. Red clover
3. Allium sativum
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
4. Green tea
Leaves of Camellia sinensis, in some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.
5. Etc.
C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Dong ling Cao (Rabdosime Rubescentis)
In laboratory animals study, reported by Joe Hing Kwok Chu, Dong ling Cao's components rubescensine A and B inhibit Ehrlich-Ascites tumor, sarcoma180 and esophageal carcinoma.
2. Yi Yi Ren and other herbs
In clinical study with(100ml was equal to 50g crude drug), oral administration, 20~40ml, 3 times daily, Yi Yi Ren combined with Teng Liu, He Zi An Ling Tiao was used to treat alimentary tract cancers. 168 cases of patients were treated, 1 dose every day, taken in three times.After treatment, the appetite and general condition were improved. And this formula had certain therapeutic effects on 30 cases out of 36 cases who took over three months’ treatment.
3. Bai Hua She She Cao
The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.
4. Jiu Zi (Chinese leek)
In a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro.
5. Etc.
For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Anal cancer is a type of cancer arisen from the malignant cells of the anus. It is a rare type of cancer in adulthood affected approximately 5000 men and women in US in 2010.
Symptoms
1. Bleeding
It may be caused by enlarged tumors affecting the capillaries in the anus or the large intestine trying to push waste through the blockage of the tumor.
2. Pain and pressure
As the feces trying to push through the blockage of the tumor or tumor has growth large enough to press onto the nerves.
3. Itching
May be due to infection
4. Lump
As the cancer has growth large enough to form a lump on the surface of the anus. This may be the early stage of the cancer.
5. Change of bowel habit
Due to affect of the tumor.
6. Weight loss
Any unintentional weight loss over 10% is the general symptoms of cancers.
7. Loss of appetite
Another symptom of cancer.
8. Lower back pain
The affect of tumor pressing to the nerve connect to the back.
9. Etc.
Causes and risk factors
1. Human papillomavirus (HPV virus)
In a study of Detection of Multiple Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Anal Carcinoma by Sonia Ramamoorthy, Yu-Tsueng Liu, Linda Luo, Katsumi Miyai, Qing Lu and John M Carethers, researchers found that the majority of anal cancers in our study associated with pathogenic HPV 16 and/or 18. Other HPV genotypes are present simultaneously with HPV 16 and 18, and might contribute to its pathogenesis.
2. Sexual activity
Anal sexual intercourse and sex with multiple partner can enhance the risk of HPV virus, leading to the disease.
3. Smoking
a. In a study by Epidemiologist Janet Daling, Ph.D., a member of Fred Hutchinson's Public Health Sciences Division, and her team, researchers found that smoking appears to play a significant role in anal-cancer development that's independent of other behavioral risk factors.
b. In a study of tobacco smoking and risk of recurrence for squamous cell cancer of the anus. researcher found that tobacco smoking appears to be associated with anal carcinoma disease recurrence, and is related to increased mortality. This data suggests that patients should be cautioned about tobacco smoking once a diagnosis of anal carcinoma is made in attempt to improve their long-term outcome.
4. Immunosuppression
The weaken immune system due to suppression of medicine insreaces riak of anal cancer as a result of HIV infection.
5. Inflammation
Inflammation caused by begnin anal lesions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), hemorrhoids, fistulae, hemorrhoids, anal fistulas, cicatrices, etc. enhance the risk of the cancer
6. Age
Risk of the cancer increase after age of 50
7. Etc.
Diagnosis and tests
After recording your family history and a complete physical exams for any lump including anal pap smears similar to those used in cervical cancer to detect the early stage of the anal cancer.
1. Anal pap smears
It is a easy done test similar to cervical pap test by using a small brush or cotton-tipped rod which is inserted into the anus to collect the the cells and examined under microscope.
2. Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound
It is a test with the use of a probe which is inserted into the rectum to generate high frequency sound waves (ultrasound waves) bouncing off internal tissues or organs. The pattern of echoes bounced off tissues is detected and converted into a picture on a screen of the computer to determine the location, size and stage of the cancer.
3. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details. The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
4. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the tissue, the organ and surrounding areas.
5. Etc.
Grades
The grade of anal cancer is depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Anal cancer is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cells have not penetrated into deeper tissue and remain on the surface of the anus.
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside tissue lining but still completely inside the affected anus.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b.Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the connected tissue of the anus, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the affected anus.
4. Stage IIIIn this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the affected anus.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissue immediately outside of the anus to distant parts of the body.
Preventions
A. How to avoid
1. Early diagnosis
If you feel that you have any of above symptoms, you should check with your doctor. In general, cancer disceovered in the early stage can ce treated without risk of colostomy.
2. Practice safe sex
If you have several partners or anal sexual preference, please use any precaution to be infected by sexual transmtting diseases.
3. Vaccine
At 22 December 2010, FDA has approved Gardasil vaccine to prevent anal cancer and pre-cancerous lesions in males and females aged 9 to 26 years to protect against anal cancer.
4. Quit Smoking
As it has been proven as one the risk factor of anal cancer.
5. Etc.
B. Diet
1. Omega 3 fatty acids
In a study of The Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cancer, researcher found that that omega-3 fatty acids may affect tumor behavior by competing with omega-6 fatty acids for the enzymes that metabolize them to their bioactive products or by influencing the genes for these enzymes; however, other evidence suggests an effect on intracellular redox state and the integrity of membrane lipids.
2. Carrot
In a study from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (UK) and the University of Southern Denmark (Odense) used a rat model to study the effect of carrots and falcarinol on tumor development, researchers found that found a diet rich in carrots provides anticancer benefits due to the activity of the chemical falcarinol.
3. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.
4. Grape
Grape contains high amount of resveratrol which in some clinical studies of resveratrol, researchers found that resveratrol demonstrated an ability to reduce tumors already in existence, prevent cellular damage, and work to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy.
5. Garlic
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
6. Etc.
C. Nutritional Supplements
1. Antioxiadant - Free radical scavengers
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Transferrin
In a study of Transferrin Binding Protein Nanoparticles to Treat Cancer, researcher found that the use of this technique (laboratory invented a “print” technology, able to exact size and shape of human Zaochu meet the expectations of the nano-particles.) to produce a kind of preclusion can be combined with human transfer the biocompatibility of ferritin nanoparticles, which can safely and accurately identify the spectrum of cancer, in addition to B cell lymphoma,....
3. Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are under active research for possible benefits immune system, and as anti-cancer agents. Flavonoids found abundant in berry, inhibit caner cell in vitro study.
4. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
5. Zinc
In Zinc and Cancer - Seminar by Belinda Hope indicated that epidemiologic studies suggest zinc deficiency may be associated with increased cancer risk and one way to do this is to improve general immunity using nutrients such as zinc.
6. Etc.
Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
1. Surgery
a. Depending to the location and size of the tumor, if the cancer is small, the chance of cure is higher, as it can be removed with out affect the anusfunctions.
b. In case of infeasibility, abdominoperineal resection may be necessary with the removal of the anus, rectum, and part of the sigmoid colon as an opening is made in the surface of the abdomen to collect body feces in a disposable bag outside of the body (colostomy)
c. Risks and side effects
Surgical and anesthesia risks
3. Radiotherapy
a. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills lung cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing. Depending to stage, grade and location of the affected area. Radiation may be used in situations when surgery isn't an option.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1.. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
4. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of the cancer, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs such as adriamycin, cis-platinum, cyclophosphamide, etc. taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigueb.
5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
B. Herbal medicine
1. Allium tuberosumIn a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro. Oral administration of leek extract significantly reduced lung metastases in the present animal model.
2. Red clover
3. Allium sativum
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
4. Green tea
Leaves of Camellia sinensis, in some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.
5. Etc.
C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Dong ling Cao (Rabdosime Rubescentis)
In laboratory animals study, reported by Joe Hing Kwok Chu, Dong ling Cao's components rubescensine A and B inhibit Ehrlich-Ascites tumor, sarcoma180 and esophageal carcinoma.
2. Yi Yi Ren and other herbs
In clinical study with(100ml was equal to 50g crude drug), oral administration, 20~40ml, 3 times daily, Yi Yi Ren combined with Teng Liu, He Zi An Ling Tiao was used to treat alimentary tract cancers. 168 cases of patients were treated, 1 dose every day, taken in three times.After treatment, the appetite and general condition were improved. And this formula had certain therapeutic effects on 30 cases out of 36 cases who took over three months’ treatment.
3. Bai Hua She She Cao
The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.
4. Jiu Zi (Chinese leek)
In a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro.
5. Etc.
For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Rare Cancers In Childhood - Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is an uncommonly rapid spreading cancer arises from cells of eye of retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye. It is rare caver in childhood, in US approximately 300 children are diagnosed with retinoblastoma each year. About 3 out of 4 children with retinoblastoma have a tumor in only one eye and 1 in 4, both eyes are affected. Although the cancer can develop quickly, can be cured in most cases. 90% of Retinoblastoma diagnosed within the first three years of the child's life.
Types of retinoblastoma
1. Hereditary Retinoblastoma
Is caused by the mutation of gene Rd at birth. it can affect not only the cells of the eye, but in all of the body's cells- If multiple tumors are present in both eyes, the term assigned is multi-focal retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma effects approximately 70% of patient in all cases.
2. Sporadic Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is caused abnormal cells growth in the retina other than hereditary .
Causes and risk factors
1. Gene
Retinoblastoma is caused by changes in or absence of a gene called RB1 located on chromosome 13q14 resulting in the inability of RB1 to produce a tumor suppressor protein that normally helps to regulate the cell cycle of cells of the retina, causing retinoblastoma. Chikdren with inherited retinoblastomas are more likely to be bilateral.
2. Radiation therapy
Children who had radiation to treat other cancer are at increased risk of retinoblastoma.
3. Family history
Increased risk of retinoblastoma if you have a family history of the disease.
4. Age
The cancer tends to develop in children before age of 3.
5. Etc.
1. Abnormal appearance of the pupil
The pupil located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the retina. In retinoblastoma, the cells of the retina have become cancerous, causing abnormal appearance of the pupil.
2. Leukocoria
Leukocoria is an abnormal white reflection from the retina of the eye caused by abnomal cells growth in the retina.
3. Deterioration of vision
4. Faltering growth or delayed development.
5. A red and irritated eye
6. Cross-eyed
7. Eye enlargement
8. Etc.
Stages
Stages of Retinoblastoma depends to the size and location of the tumor.
1. Intraocular retinoblastoma
Cancer is inside one or both eyes and has not spreading to the surrounding tissue and nearby lymph node.
2. Extraocular retinoblastoma
Cancer has spread to the surrounding tissue, lymph node and distant parts of the body
Diagnosis and tests
After recording the family history and complete physical exams including eye exam with with dilated pupils to allow the doctor to look through the lens and pupil to the retina.
1. Eye exams
If the child has some of the above symptoms, the first test which you doctor order is the eye exam with a ophthalmologist including including the retina and the optic nerve with the use of general anesthesia.
1. Blood test
Blood test to check for the nonavailability of the RB1 gene.
2. Ultrasound
Ultrasound allows your doctor to visualize and assess the size and to check for any abnormality and surrounding area with image taken from the test.
3. CT Scan (computerized tomography)
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details.The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes.
4. MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the lymph nodes and surrounding areas.
5. Etc.
Preventions
If your family carry a genetic passing through of mutation of gene RB1, it is for the best interest of the child to have a genetic testing to assess the risk of retinoblastoma, so it can be diagnosed early for cure and with preservation of the child vision.
Treatments
1. Surgery
a. The aims of surgery is to cure and to preserve vision, if the tumor small. Otherwise, surgery is to remove as much of cancer as possible. Sometimes the tumor is very large and the vision in the eye is lost, enucleation may be necessary.
b. Risks and side effects
Surgical and anesthesia risks
2. Radiotherapy
a. Sometime doctors give radiation for retinoblastoma after surgery and before chemotherapy. In retinoblastoma Radiation may be used as treatment of retina with photocagulation with the use of high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills the cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing.
b. Side effects
b.1. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.although there will be some effect on the surrounding tissue. Radiotherapy for retinoblastoma is usually used in situations when other treatments have not been successful.
3. Chemotherapy
a. If the cancer has spread, chemotherapy with use of drugs to cure retinoblastoma even the cancer has spread to distant part of the body.
Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of cancer combined with radio therapy. Chemo is recommended to shrink the tumor if surgery is not possible.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
4. Photocoagulation
a. In retinoblastoma, photocoagulation is used to destroy abnormal blood vessels with aim to treat tumors in the eye by using a laser which produces light in the visible green wavelength that can be absorbed by hemoglobin in red blood cells.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Loss of vision, worsening visual acuity,
b. 2. Reduced night vision, and
b.3. Hemorrhaging in the eye
b.4. Etc.
5. Etc.
For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Types of retinoblastoma
1. Hereditary Retinoblastoma
Is caused by the mutation of gene Rd at birth. it can affect not only the cells of the eye, but in all of the body's cells- If multiple tumors are present in both eyes, the term assigned is multi-focal retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma effects approximately 70% of patient in all cases.
2. Sporadic Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is caused abnormal cells growth in the retina other than hereditary .
Causes and risk factors
1. Gene
Retinoblastoma is caused by changes in or absence of a gene called RB1 located on chromosome 13q14 resulting in the inability of RB1 to produce a tumor suppressor protein that normally helps to regulate the cell cycle of cells of the retina, causing retinoblastoma. Chikdren with inherited retinoblastomas are more likely to be bilateral.
2. Radiation therapy
Children who had radiation to treat other cancer are at increased risk of retinoblastoma.
3. Family history
Increased risk of retinoblastoma if you have a family history of the disease.
4. Age
The cancer tends to develop in children before age of 3.
5. Etc.
1. Abnormal appearance of the pupil
The pupil located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the retina. In retinoblastoma, the cells of the retina have become cancerous, causing abnormal appearance of the pupil.
2. Leukocoria
Leukocoria is an abnormal white reflection from the retina of the eye caused by abnomal cells growth in the retina.
3. Deterioration of vision
4. Faltering growth or delayed development.
5. A red and irritated eye
6. Cross-eyed
7. Eye enlargement
8. Etc.
Stages
Stages of Retinoblastoma depends to the size and location of the tumor.
1. Intraocular retinoblastoma
Cancer is inside one or both eyes and has not spreading to the surrounding tissue and nearby lymph node.
2. Extraocular retinoblastoma
Cancer has spread to the surrounding tissue, lymph node and distant parts of the body
Diagnosis and tests
After recording the family history and complete physical exams including eye exam with with dilated pupils to allow the doctor to look through the lens and pupil to the retina.
1. Eye exams
If the child has some of the above symptoms, the first test which you doctor order is the eye exam with a ophthalmologist including including the retina and the optic nerve with the use of general anesthesia.
1. Blood test
Blood test to check for the nonavailability of the RB1 gene.
2. Ultrasound
Ultrasound allows your doctor to visualize and assess the size and to check for any abnormality and surrounding area with image taken from the test.
3. CT Scan (computerized tomography)
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details.The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes.
4. MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the lymph nodes and surrounding areas.
5. Etc.
Preventions
If your family carry a genetic passing through of mutation of gene RB1, it is for the best interest of the child to have a genetic testing to assess the risk of retinoblastoma, so it can be diagnosed early for cure and with preservation of the child vision.
Treatments
1. Surgery
a. The aims of surgery is to cure and to preserve vision, if the tumor small. Otherwise, surgery is to remove as much of cancer as possible. Sometimes the tumor is very large and the vision in the eye is lost, enucleation may be necessary.
b. Risks and side effects
Surgical and anesthesia risks
2. Radiotherapy
a. Sometime doctors give radiation for retinoblastoma after surgery and before chemotherapy. In retinoblastoma Radiation may be used as treatment of retina with photocagulation with the use of high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills the cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing.
b. Side effects
b.1. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.although there will be some effect on the surrounding tissue. Radiotherapy for retinoblastoma is usually used in situations when other treatments have not been successful.
3. Chemotherapy
a. If the cancer has spread, chemotherapy with use of drugs to cure retinoblastoma even the cancer has spread to distant part of the body.
Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of cancer combined with radio therapy. Chemo is recommended to shrink the tumor if surgery is not possible.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
4. Photocoagulation
a. In retinoblastoma, photocoagulation is used to destroy abnormal blood vessels with aim to treat tumors in the eye by using a laser which produces light in the visible green wavelength that can be absorbed by hemoglobin in red blood cells.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Loss of vision, worsening visual acuity,
b. 2. Reduced night vision, and
b.3. Hemorrhaging in the eye
b.4. Etc.
5. Etc.
For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Rare Cancers In Childhood - Neuroblastoma
Rare cancer in childhood
Cancer in childhood are rare, approximately 1 in every 600 children will develop any type of cancer before the age of 15 due to abnormal cells growth in part of a child body.
Neuroblastoma,
An extracranial solid cancer arises from nerve tissue found in infants and children as a result of untrollable cells growth caused by genetic mutation. It is classified into 3 risk categories: low, intermediate, and high risk. The disease occurs in 1 out of 100,000 children.
Symptoms
1. Fever
Abnormally consistent fever symptoms may be a symptoms of neuroblastoma, it happens to about approximately 25 percent of patients.
Diagnosis and tests
After recording the family history and physical exam, including lumps, sweeling, and any other signs of the disease
1. 24 hours urine tests
If you doctor suspected that it may be Neuroblastoma, the first tesrt will be 24 hours urine test for level of the markers - homovanillic acid (HMA) and vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA). A sign of Neuroblastoma if higher than normal amount of homovanillic acid (HMA) and vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA) is found.
2. Blood chemistry test
A sign of neuroblastoma if the blood chemitry test came back with elevation of markers of hormones dopamine and norepinephrine.
3. CT Scan (computerized tomography)
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details.The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes.
4. Ultrasound
Ultrasound allows your doctor to visualize and assess the size and to check for any abnormality and surrounding area with image taken from the test.
5. Biopsy
A sample of the effected area is taken by a thin tube-like instrument, under local anesthesia or general anesthesia examined by a pathologist under microscopy to view the type and stage of the cancer.
6. Chest X ray
Check X ray is to check the lung for spreading of the cancer.
7. Etc.
Grades
The Grades of Neuroblastoma are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Neuroblastoma is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated in deeper tissue but in the surface of the nerve tissue.
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the prostate lining, but still completely inside the nerve tissue.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The invasion area is ≥ 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:
The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b. Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue but less than 5cm (2 inch)
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:
Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but less than 5cm (2 inch)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the nerve tissue.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the nerve tissue.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately outside of the affected nerve tissue into other distant parts of the body.
Treatments
Treatment depends to the location, grade and stage of the cancer.
1. Surgery
a. The aim of the surgery is to cure, if the cancer has not spread and the location is fieasible for operation. your surgeon will remove as much of the tumor as possible. If cancer can not remove completely then radiotherapy to kill cells locally or chemotherapy to kill the remaining cancerous cells in the body.
b. Risks and Side effects
Surgical and anesthesia risk
2. Radiotherapy
a. Sometime doctors give radiation for kidney tumors after surgery and before chemotherapy. Radiation may be used to kill any cancer cells remaining in the body locally. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills the cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing.
b. Side effects
b.1. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
3. Chemotherapy
a. If the cancer has spread, chemotherapy with use of drugs very effectively to cure neuroblastoma, even the cancer has spread to distant part of the body.
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
4. Monoclonal antibody therapy
a. Monoclonal antibody therapy is the use of antibodies attach to the substances by killing the cancer cells, keeping them from spreading given by infusion.
b. Most common risks and side effects
b.1. Heart problem and low blood pressure
b.2. Skin rashes, itching and infection
b.3. Fever and muscle pain
b.4. Fatigue, tiredness and headache
b.5. Diarrhea
b.6. Nausea and vomiting
b.7. Etc.
5. Stem cell transplant
a. In Neuroblastoma, stem cells of a donor or are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient are frozen and stored. After other treatments are completed, the stored cells are infused back to the body.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Bone marrow suppression
b.2. Infection
b.3. Graft-Versus-Host Disease
b.a. Graft Failure
b.5. Cancer Relapse
b.6. Etc.
6. Etc.
For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Cancer in childhood are rare, approximately 1 in every 600 children will develop any type of cancer before the age of 15 due to abnormal cells growth in part of a child body.
Neuroblastoma,
An extracranial solid cancer arises from nerve tissue found in infants and children as a result of untrollable cells growth caused by genetic mutation. It is classified into 3 risk categories: low, intermediate, and high risk. The disease occurs in 1 out of 100,000 children.
Symptoms
1. Fever
Abnormally consistent fever symptoms may be a symptoms of neuroblastoma, it happens to about approximately 25 percent of patients.
Diagnosis and tests
After recording the family history and physical exam, including lumps, sweeling, and any other signs of the disease
1. 24 hours urine tests
If you doctor suspected that it may be Neuroblastoma, the first tesrt will be 24 hours urine test for level of the markers - homovanillic acid (HMA) and vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA). A sign of Neuroblastoma if higher than normal amount of homovanillic acid (HMA) and vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA) is found.
2. Blood chemistry test
A sign of neuroblastoma if the blood chemitry test came back with elevation of markers of hormones dopamine and norepinephrine.
3. CT Scan (computerized tomography)
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details.The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes.
4. Ultrasound
Ultrasound allows your doctor to visualize and assess the size and to check for any abnormality and surrounding area with image taken from the test.
5. Biopsy
A sample of the effected area is taken by a thin tube-like instrument, under local anesthesia or general anesthesia examined by a pathologist under microscopy to view the type and stage of the cancer.
6. Chest X ray
Check X ray is to check the lung for spreading of the cancer.
7. Etc.
Grades
The Grades of Neuroblastoma are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Neuroblastoma is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated in deeper tissue but in the surface of the nerve tissue.
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the prostate lining, but still completely inside the nerve tissue.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The invasion area is ≥ 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:
The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b. Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue but less than 5cm (2 inch)
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:
Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but less than 5cm (2 inch)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the nerve tissue.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the nerve tissue.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately outside of the affected nerve tissue into other distant parts of the body.
Treatments
Treatment depends to the location, grade and stage of the cancer.
1. Surgery
a. The aim of the surgery is to cure, if the cancer has not spread and the location is fieasible for operation. your surgeon will remove as much of the tumor as possible. If cancer can not remove completely then radiotherapy to kill cells locally or chemotherapy to kill the remaining cancerous cells in the body.
b. Risks and Side effects
Surgical and anesthesia risk
2. Radiotherapy
a. Sometime doctors give radiation for kidney tumors after surgery and before chemotherapy. Radiation may be used to kill any cancer cells remaining in the body locally. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills the cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing.
b. Side effects
b.1. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
3. Chemotherapy
a. If the cancer has spread, chemotherapy with use of drugs very effectively to cure neuroblastoma, even the cancer has spread to distant part of the body.
Chemotherapy is mostly used to treat with advance stage of cancer combined with radio therapy. Chemo is recommended to shrink the tumor if surgery is not possible. In some cases, high doses of chemotherapy may be recommended.
b. Side effectsb.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
4. Monoclonal antibody therapy
a. Monoclonal antibody therapy is the use of antibodies attach to the substances by killing the cancer cells, keeping them from spreading given by infusion.
b. Most common risks and side effects
b.1. Heart problem and low blood pressure
b.2. Skin rashes, itching and infection
b.3. Fever and muscle pain
b.4. Fatigue, tiredness and headache
b.5. Diarrhea
b.6. Nausea and vomiting
b.7. Etc.
5. Stem cell transplant
a. In Neuroblastoma, stem cells of a donor or are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient are frozen and stored. After other treatments are completed, the stored cells are infused back to the body.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Bone marrow suppression
b.2. Infection
b.3. Graft-Versus-Host Disease
b.a. Graft Failure
b.5. Cancer Relapse
b.6. Etc.
6. Etc.
For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Friday, June 24, 2011
Most common Types of Cancer - Ovarian Cancer - Sex cord stromal ovarian cancer
Sex cord stromal ovarian cancer is a cancer of the tissue of the ovary accounted for 8% of ovarian cancers. The excess oestrogen produced by Sex cord stromal ovarian tumor can lead to certain sex hormone symptoms, such as postmenopausal bleeding, menorrhagia, amenorrhea, endometrial hyperplasia, etc. The cancer tend to develop in older age group and less invasive, so there is greater chance to cure by surgery.
Symptoms
In early stage of the cancer, most women experience no specific symptoms or symptoms.
1. An abdominal mass2. Bloating
Causes and risk factors1. Age
The risk of Sex cord stromal ovarian cancer increases for women between 40 to 60 years of age
2. Family history
Increased risk of the disease, if one of your direct member family has history of the cancer.
3. Never pregnant
Researchers found that the risk of ovarian cancer is lower with numbers of pregnancy
4. Menstrual irregularities
Due to hormone produced by the tumor, interfering with ovarian hormones
5. Hormone therapy
Risk of ovarian cancer increase with the use of hormone replacement therapy in post-menopausal women.
6. Chemicals exposures
Certain chemicals such as asbestos also increases the risk of ovarian cancer
7. High fat dietary
Researchers found that women who diet high in saturated fat and trans fat are at higher risk.
8. Loss of appetite
10. Milk
In a report According to the BBC, researchers found that women who drank two or more glasses a day were at double the risk of those who did not consume it at all, or only in small amounts.
11. Etc.
2. Gynecologic ultrasonography
Gynecologic ultrasonography is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique allowed your doctor to visualize the ovaries and around structures and to assess blood flow to the ovaries as well as looking for any abnormal cells growth mass, including cancer.
3. Ovarian biopsy
In ovarian biopsy, samples of ovaries are taken by a thin, tube-like instrument to examine under microscopy to review the stage of the cancer.
4. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details.The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. This test is helped to determine whether liver abnormality is a cyst or a tumor. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
5. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the ovaries and surrounding areas.
6. Etc.
Stages
Ovarian cancer is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0,
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated in deeper tissue but in the surface of the ovarian lining.
2. Stage I
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not ≤ ;3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2: The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b. Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue, & less than 5cm (2 inches).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:
Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (2 inches)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the ovaries.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the ovaries.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately outside of the ovaries, other distant parts of the body
Debulkability
Can all the tumor be removed surgically? Technically, it is sometime impossible but combining with chemotherapy or radiotherapy in many instants can lead to completely cure of the disease.
Prevention
Early age at first pregnancy, older age of final pregnancy reduce the risk, while never pregnant women are at higher risk.
4. Etc.
B. With Diet
1. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.
2. Tomato
Many studies showed that antioxidant lycopene in tomato inhibits cancer cell growth and exhibit apoptosis, causing cell death.
3. Carrot
Carrot contains high amount of beta carotene which has shown to induce appotosis of cancer cells. In study of Cell Cycle Regulation and Induction of Apoptosis by β-carotene, researchers found that in vivo study warrants further confirmation that β-carotene acts as apoptosis agent in cancer cells particularly leukemia cells but not normal cells.
4. Brocolli and cabbage
In a study on mice , researchers found that compounds extracted from broccoli and cabbage could be a potent drug against melanoma. Also in tests on mice suggested these compounds, when combined with selenium, target tumors more safely and effectively than conventional therapy.
5. Green Tea
In a study of examination of the effects of green tea extracts, researcher found that halts growth of oral cancer cells and breaks down and kills existing oral cancer.
6. Red wine
A compound resveratrol found in red wine inhibits the abnormal cells of the skin. in the study from the Marshall University School of Medicine Researcher suggested that resveratrol causes apoptosis in human melanoma cells.
7. Etc.
C. With nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidants
Antioxidants such free radical scavengers vitamin A, C, E enhance the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Flavonoids
Phytochemicals are under active research for possible benefits immune system, and as anti-cancer agents. Flavonoids is found abundant in berry, inhibit caner cell in vitro study.
3. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
4. Lycopene
Lycopene and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
In a study of Lycopene and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 cooperate in the inhibition of cell cycle progression and induction of differentiation in HL-60 leukemic cells, researchers found that The combination of low concentrations of lycopene with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exhibited a synergistic effect on cell proliferation and differentiation and an additive effect on cell cycle progression. Such synergistic antiproliferative and differentiating effects of lycopene and other compounds found in the diet and in plasma may suggest the inclusion of the carotenoid in the diet as a cancer-preventive measure.
5. Indole-3-carbinol
Cabbage, a curciferous vegetables contains high amount of indole-3-carbinol, a chemical which boosts DNA repair in cells and appears to block the growth of cancer cells
6. Quercetin
Quercetin is a type of phytochemical, also known as a flavonoid. In cell culture or animal studies, researchers found that quercetin has activity against some types of cancer cells and suggested it may be potential benefits in treating cancer.
7. Etc.
Nettle or stinging nettle, is a perennial plant growing in temperate and tropical wasteland areas around the world, genus Urtica, belonging to the family Urticaceae. In some studies, research found that nettle's anti-inflammatory actions are attributed to its ability to interrupt the production and actions of inflammation-producing immune cells in the body (cytokines, prostaglandins and leukotreines)
2. Fenugreek
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed), genus Trigonella, belonging to family Fabaceae. Vitro studies have shown that fenugreek exhibits chemopreventive properties against certain cancers.
3. Scutellaria
Scutellaria is also known as skullcaps, a genus of flowering plants, genus Scutellaria, belonging to family Lamiaceae. In a study of Inhibition of Cancer Cell Proliferation and Prostaglandin E2 Synthesis by Scutellaria Baicalensis, researchers found that Scutellaria baicalensis selectively and effectively inhibits cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo and can be an effective chemotherapeutic agent for HNSCC. Inhibition of PGE2 synthesis via suppression of COX-2 expression may be responsible for its anticancer activity.
4. Absinthe
Absinthe is also known as Wormwood, a distilled, highly alcoholic beverage flowers extracted from leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium. In a study, researcher at the University of Washington found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer among the ancient arts of Chinese folk medicine.
5. Turmeric
In a study conducted by S. Uddin and colleagues at the Department of Human Cancer Genomic Research at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center in Saudi Arabia, researchers found that Curcumin in turmeric may inhibit the proliferation of lymphoma cancer by modulating cell cycling and inducing apoptosis.
6. Etc.
Wu Ling Zhi is also known as Trogopterus Dung. The sweet, warm and cold herb has been used in TCM to treat painful menses, pain due to absence of menses, postpartum infection and pain, angina, uterine bleeding, etc. as it moves blood, calms pain, clears blood accumulation and stops bleeding by enhancing the function of liver channels. A report from China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2006-07 showed that Radix ex Rhizoma Ginseng and Trogopterus Dung inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of tumor cell.
2. Rou Gui
Rou Qui is also known as Cinnamon Bark. The sweet, acrid and very warm herb has been used in TCM to treat cold limbs, cold limbs, diarrhea, muscle spasm, headache, back pain, sweating and impotent and promote urination as it tonifies fire, enhances yang, disperses cold and promotes circulation in the channels by enhancing the functions of heart, ling and gallbladder channels. In a study in 2005. researcher found that Chemical aspects of coumarin compounds in cinnamon for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinomas.
3. Qing hao
Qing hao is also known as wormwood. The bitter and cold herb has been used in TCM to
trea lupus, schistosomiasis, chronic bronchitis (essential oil) to elevate the calcium ions of leukemia white cells, etc. In a study, researcher at the University of Washington researcher found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer among the ancient arts of Chinese folk medicine.
4. Gan Cao
Gan Cao is also known as Licorice root. The sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM as an anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti virus and bacteria, anti ulcer and anti convulsion agent and to get rid of toxins, promote secretion of insulin, protect liver from toxin, etc., as it tonifies the spleen, enhances qi, clears heat, expels phlegm and synergize other herbs by enhancing the functions of all 12 channels in the body. In-vitro, researchers found that Saponins stimulate the immune system and inhibit Epstein-Barr virus expression and possess anti-cancer activities.
5. Jiu Zi (Chinese leek)
In a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro. Oral administration of leek extract significantly reduced lung metastases in the present animal model.
8. Etc.
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Symptoms
In early stage of the cancer, most women experience no specific symptoms or symptoms.
1. An abdominal mass2. Bloating
3. Back pain
4. Urinary urgency
5. Constipation
6. Tiredness
7. Pelvic pain4. Urinary urgency
5. Constipation
6. Tiredness
8. Abnormal vaginal bleeding or
9. Unintentional weight loss
Unintentional weight loss of over 10% is a concerned symptom of all cancers.9. Unintentional weight loss
10. Buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity
11. Etc.Causes and risk factors
The risk of Sex cord stromal ovarian cancer increases for women between 40 to 60 years of age
2. Family history
Increased risk of the disease, if one of your direct member family has history of the cancer.
3. Never pregnant
Researchers found that the risk of ovarian cancer is lower with numbers of pregnancy
4. Menstrual irregularities
Due to hormone produced by the tumor, interfering with ovarian hormones
5. Hormone therapy
Risk of ovarian cancer increase with the use of hormone replacement therapy in post-menopausal women.
6. Chemicals exposures
Certain chemicals such as asbestos also increases the risk of ovarian cancer
7. High fat dietary
Researchers found that women who diet high in saturated fat and trans fat are at higher risk.
8. Loss of appetite
10. Milk
In a report According to the BBC, researchers found that women who drank two or more glasses a day were at double the risk of those who did not consume it at all, or only in small amounts.
11. Etc.
Diagnosis and tests
After taking the family history and physical examination of the pelvic region. diagnosis in general starts with
1. Blood test
The blood is to determine the presence of the CD56, Calretinin and inhibin, the higher the levels indicates more advance of the disease.
After taking the family history and physical examination of the pelvic region. diagnosis in general starts with
1. Blood test
The blood is to determine the presence of the CD56, Calretinin and inhibin, the higher the levels indicates more advance of the disease.
2. Gynecologic ultrasonography
Gynecologic ultrasonography is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique allowed your doctor to visualize the ovaries and around structures and to assess blood flow to the ovaries as well as looking for any abnormal cells growth mass, including cancer.
3. Ovarian biopsy
In ovarian biopsy, samples of ovaries are taken by a thin, tube-like instrument to examine under microscopy to review the stage of the cancer.
4. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details.The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. This test is helped to determine whether liver abnormality is a cyst or a tumor. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
5. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the ovaries and surrounding areas.
6. Etc.
Grades
The Grades of ovarian cancer are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.Stages
Ovarian cancer is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0,
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated in deeper tissue but in the surface of the ovarian lining.
2. Stage I
In stage I, The cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep ovaries lining, but still completely inside the ovaries.
a. Stage IA1The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not ≤ ;3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2: The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b. Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue, & less than 5cm (2 inches).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:
Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (2 inches)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the ovaries.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the ovaries.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately outside of the ovaries, other distant parts of the body
Debulkability
Can all the tumor be removed surgically? Technically, it is sometime impossible but combining with chemotherapy or radiotherapy in many instants can lead to completely cure of the disease.
Prevention
A. How to prevent
1. PregnancyEarly age at first pregnancy, older age of final pregnancy reduce the risk, while never pregnant women are at higher risk.
2. Combine oral contraceptive pill
The use of low dose hormonal contraception have shown reduced risk of ovarian cancer.3. Breast feeding
Risk of ovarian cancer reduces with breast feeding.4. Etc.
B. With Diet
1. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.
2. Tomato
Many studies showed that antioxidant lycopene in tomato inhibits cancer cell growth and exhibit apoptosis, causing cell death.
3. Carrot
Carrot contains high amount of beta carotene which has shown to induce appotosis of cancer cells. In study of Cell Cycle Regulation and Induction of Apoptosis by β-carotene, researchers found that in vivo study warrants further confirmation that β-carotene acts as apoptosis agent in cancer cells particularly leukemia cells but not normal cells.
4. Brocolli and cabbage
In a study on mice , researchers found that compounds extracted from broccoli and cabbage could be a potent drug against melanoma. Also in tests on mice suggested these compounds, when combined with selenium, target tumors more safely and effectively than conventional therapy.
5. Green Tea
In a study of examination of the effects of green tea extracts, researcher found that halts growth of oral cancer cells and breaks down and kills existing oral cancer.
6. Red wine
A compound resveratrol found in red wine inhibits the abnormal cells of the skin. in the study from the Marshall University School of Medicine Researcher suggested that resveratrol causes apoptosis in human melanoma cells.
7. Etc.
C. With nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidants
Antioxidants such free radical scavengers vitamin A, C, E enhance the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Flavonoids
Phytochemicals are under active research for possible benefits immune system, and as anti-cancer agents. Flavonoids is found abundant in berry, inhibit caner cell in vitro study.
3. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
4. Lycopene
Lycopene and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
In a study of Lycopene and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 cooperate in the inhibition of cell cycle progression and induction of differentiation in HL-60 leukemic cells, researchers found that The combination of low concentrations of lycopene with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exhibited a synergistic effect on cell proliferation and differentiation and an additive effect on cell cycle progression. Such synergistic antiproliferative and differentiating effects of lycopene and other compounds found in the diet and in plasma may suggest the inclusion of the carotenoid in the diet as a cancer-preventive measure.
5. Indole-3-carbinol
Cabbage, a curciferous vegetables contains high amount of indole-3-carbinol, a chemical which boosts DNA repair in cells and appears to block the growth of cancer cells
6. Quercetin
Quercetin is a type of phytochemical, also known as a flavonoid. In cell culture or animal studies, researchers found that quercetin has activity against some types of cancer cells and suggested it may be potential benefits in treating cancer.
7. Etc.
Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
the aim of the treatment is to cure, because ovarian cancer risk of recurrence is very low but depending to the grade, stage and rebbulkability.
1. Surgery
a. In surgery, after determine the grade, stage and rebbulkability, the surgeon will try to remove as much as cancer infected area as possible. Since it is slow growing, some of the tumors can be cured by surgery alone
b. Risks and side effects
Surgical and anesthesia risks
2. Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of cancer, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells. Ovarian cancer is often respond well to chemotherapy. Drugs used to treat ovarian caner include platinum family ondansectron, etc.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
3. Radio therapy
a. Radiation may be used for stages II, III, and IV to kill any cancer cells remaining in the body. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills the cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing.
c. Side effects
c.1. Fatigue
c.2. Chest pain
c.3. Heart problem
c.4. Short of breath
c.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
c.6. Etc.
6. Etc.
B. Herbal medicine
1. NettleA. In conventional medicine
the aim of the treatment is to cure, because ovarian cancer risk of recurrence is very low but depending to the grade, stage and rebbulkability.
1. Surgery
a. In surgery, after determine the grade, stage and rebbulkability, the surgeon will try to remove as much as cancer infected area as possible. Since it is slow growing, some of the tumors can be cured by surgery alone
b. Risks and side effects
Surgical and anesthesia risks
2. Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of cancer, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells. Ovarian cancer is often respond well to chemotherapy. Drugs used to treat ovarian caner include platinum family ondansectron, etc.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
3. Radio therapy
a. Radiation may be used for stages II, III, and IV to kill any cancer cells remaining in the body. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills the cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing.
c. Side effects
c.1. Fatigue
c.2. Chest pain
c.3. Heart problem
c.4. Short of breath
c.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
c.6. Etc.
6. Etc.
B. Herbal medicine
Nettle or stinging nettle, is a perennial plant growing in temperate and tropical wasteland areas around the world, genus Urtica, belonging to the family Urticaceae. In some studies, research found that nettle's anti-inflammatory actions are attributed to its ability to interrupt the production and actions of inflammation-producing immune cells in the body (cytokines, prostaglandins and leukotreines)
2. Fenugreek
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed), genus Trigonella, belonging to family Fabaceae. Vitro studies have shown that fenugreek exhibits chemopreventive properties against certain cancers.
3. Scutellaria
Scutellaria is also known as skullcaps, a genus of flowering plants, genus Scutellaria, belonging to family Lamiaceae. In a study of Inhibition of Cancer Cell Proliferation and Prostaglandin E2 Synthesis by Scutellaria Baicalensis, researchers found that Scutellaria baicalensis selectively and effectively inhibits cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo and can be an effective chemotherapeutic agent for HNSCC. Inhibition of PGE2 synthesis via suppression of COX-2 expression may be responsible for its anticancer activity.
4. Absinthe
Absinthe is also known as Wormwood, a distilled, highly alcoholic beverage flowers extracted from leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium. In a study, researcher at the University of Washington found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer among the ancient arts of Chinese folk medicine.
5. Turmeric
In a study conducted by S. Uddin and colleagues at the Department of Human Cancer Genomic Research at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center in Saudi Arabia, researchers found that Curcumin in turmeric may inhibit the proliferation of lymphoma cancer by modulating cell cycling and inducing apoptosis.
6. Etc.
C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Wu Ling ZhiWu Ling Zhi is also known as Trogopterus Dung. The sweet, warm and cold herb has been used in TCM to treat painful menses, pain due to absence of menses, postpartum infection and pain, angina, uterine bleeding, etc. as it moves blood, calms pain, clears blood accumulation and stops bleeding by enhancing the function of liver channels. A report from China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2006-07 showed that Radix ex Rhizoma Ginseng and Trogopterus Dung inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of tumor cell.
2. Rou Gui
Rou Qui is also known as Cinnamon Bark. The sweet, acrid and very warm herb has been used in TCM to treat cold limbs, cold limbs, diarrhea, muscle spasm, headache, back pain, sweating and impotent and promote urination as it tonifies fire, enhances yang, disperses cold and promotes circulation in the channels by enhancing the functions of heart, ling and gallbladder channels. In a study in 2005. researcher found that Chemical aspects of coumarin compounds in cinnamon for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinomas.
3. Qing hao
Qing hao is also known as wormwood. The bitter and cold herb has been used in TCM to
trea lupus, schistosomiasis, chronic bronchitis (essential oil) to elevate the calcium ions of leukemia white cells, etc. In a study, researcher at the University of Washington researcher found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer among the ancient arts of Chinese folk medicine.
4. Gan Cao
Gan Cao is also known as Licorice root. The sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM as an anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti virus and bacteria, anti ulcer and anti convulsion agent and to get rid of toxins, promote secretion of insulin, protect liver from toxin, etc., as it tonifies the spleen, enhances qi, clears heat, expels phlegm and synergize other herbs by enhancing the functions of all 12 channels in the body. In-vitro, researchers found that Saponins stimulate the immune system and inhibit Epstein-Barr virus expression and possess anti-cancer activities.
5. Jiu Zi (Chinese leek)
In a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro. Oral administration of leek extract significantly reduced lung metastases in the present animal model.
8. Etc.
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