©2007 Narda G. Robinson, DO, DVM, MS. All rights reserved.
Chinese herbalists have been medicating patients with tumors for over two thousand years. 1 In stark contrast to Western oncology concepts that undergo constant revision, Chinese medical ideas about tumor pathogenesis and herbal responses have remained largely the same over the centuries.2 Still, though, Traditional Chinese Medical (TCM) approaches hold strong attraction for human oncology patients and people whose animals have cancer.3 TCM practitioners shun the image of “waging war on cancer” and instead embrace the more peaceful and organic view of cancer as a journey, regarding the patient not as a battlefield but as a garden to be nurtured.4 5 6
The enormous draw of Chinese medicine and other traditional medicine practices led the World Health Organization to consider ways to best study the effectiveness and safe implementation of CAM methods in clinical practice. Inresponse, they formulated the Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005.7 In thesame year, the White House Commission published a Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy.8 Both organizations urged researchers to
investigate the claims and practices of long-held belief systems and empirically derived treatments. The National Cancer Institute now recognizes that following the leads laid by longstanding tradition will generate higher yields thansearching for cancer-fighting botanicals de novo.9 Even the Chinese Society of Traditional Veterinary Science in Taiwan and the Asian Society of Traditional Veterinary Science have sounded calls for more research and education in
Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM) and, specifically, in herbalprescribing.10
The assortment of Chinese herbal treatments being promoted for animal patients with cancer is growing. Testimonials asserting reductions in tumor size in dogs who received Chinese herbs further stoke enthusiasm and hopes of finding analternative cure.11 12 13 However, rather than basing the herbal prescription ontumor type or biopsy results, herbs are matched to a patient’s disease “pattern”,which sorts patients into groups according a system based on visible signs on
the body, the specifics of which are unique to TCM.14 TCM holds that tumors and cancer arise from emotional stress, overwork, poornutrition, invasion of pathogens, and poor circulation.15 16 Of these, impairedcirculation ranks as perhaps the most strongly linked etiologic factors leading tocancer and metastasis.17 18 From a Chinese medicine perspective, the poor circulation associated with the “blood stasis” pattern will not only deprive tissue ofvital oxygen, absorbed nutrients, and immune surveillance, and it also leads to the buildup of metabolic end-products in the tissues. Modern oncology resonateswith this perspective at least in part, acknowledging that the microcirculation within tumors can be abnormal and contain areas of sluggish perfusion.
Furthermore, some researchers have added anticoagulants to chemotherapy
agents in order to lengthen survival and prevent blood-borne metastasis.19
Others have found that elevating oxygen tension increases the radiosensitivity of
tumors.20
Many of the Chinese herbs found in traditional remedies for tumors (whether benign or malignant) promote blood flow, in order to “soften and disperse” the tumor and the stagnant blood and toxins residing within it.21 22 23 In the “blood stasis” (i.e., poor circulation) pattern commonly found in patients with cancer, the clinical picture includes stabbing pain, a purple tongue, dark complexion, tumor(s) and ecchymoses or petechiae.24
Although finding a purple tongue in a dog may at first seem to indicate nothing more than some Chow Chow ancestry, researchers have linked certain tongue appearances to certain disease states such as cancer.25 As one researcher put it, “The tongue is a mirror reflecting the activity of the interior of the human body. The morbid conditions of viscera and bowels emerge as the alternations of the tongue so that visual inspection enables one to grasp the state of the inside of
the body.”26 Not all patients with cancer will exhibit a “blood-stasis” pattern, and patients with
different TCM patterns may require other herbs, according to the TCM paradigm.27 28 For example, a canine patient with a fibrosarcoma who pants, acts restless, feels warm, has a bright red complexion, rapid pulse and a red, dry tongue may be receive the TCM “diagnosis” of Excess Heat, a markedly different presentation from blood stasis. Based on this determination, a “hot” dog might receive herbs that “nourish Yin” and “clear heat”, such as Scrophularia ningpoensis and Scutellaria baicalensis, in contrast to the “blood moving” herbs prescribed for patients with “blood stasis”. 29 Interestingly, both herbs display significant anti-angiogenic activity.30 Other metaphorical categories applied to cancer patients include “yin deficiency”, “qi deficiency”, and “meridian obstruction”.31
At this point in our understanding, hundreds of thousands32 of human TCM practitioners around the globe continue to employ ancient metaphors in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.33 However, none of these approaches has been systematically tested to ascertain either the reliability of the methods between examiners or the correlation between TCM and Western medical diagnoses.34 To make matters worse, the degree of diagnostic consistency exhibited by TCM practitioners in terms of pattern differentiation has been typically low.35 36 That is, the patterns assigned to patients frequently vary from one practitioner to the other as will the herbal prescriptions, since one leads to the other.
The question naturally arises whether the herbs themselves offer intrinsic benefits whether or not they match the patient’s individual TCM pattern. It may be that the anti-cancer benefits of ten to twelve herbs given in combination would work as well for a patient determined to have cancer as a result of blood stasis or Excess Heat. A number of Chinese botanicals display anti-cancer activity and may be beneficial for a broad array of cancer patients, no matter what their TCM pattern indicates.37 38 Herbs such as astragalus and angelica activate the immune system and display antitumor activity. 39 Others, like Oldenlandia diffusa, encourage apoptosis. 40 A meta-analysis evaluated the evidence from randomized trials concerning the combination of astragalus-containing Chinese herbal products with platinum-based chemotherapy. The literature analysis revealed improved survival, tumor response, and diminished toxicity as a result of the combination.41
Chinese herbal combinations usually include 8-20 plant and/or animal products. This creates obstacles in sorting out which plants or animal compounds actually confer benefits, which cause synergistic or negative herb-drug interactions, and which might raise toxicity.42 Added concerns surround the inclusion of mammal, reptile, sea creature, or insect parts, as well as substances obtained illegally from endangered wildlife. Lastly, the ongoing discovery of intentional pharmaceutical adulterants and unintentional contaminants in Chinese herbs puts yet one more
hurdle in place for those considering Chinese herbs for cancer patients.
1 Xie H. How to select Chinese herbal medicine for cancer patients. American Journal of Traditional
Chinese Veterinary Medicine. 2006;1(1):49-52.
2 Xu W, Towers AD, Li P, et al. Traditional Chinese medicine in cancer care: perspectives and
experiences of patients and professionals in China. European Journal of Cancer Care. 2006;15:397-403.
3 Wong R, Sagar CM, and Sagar SM. Integration of Chinese medicine into supportive cancer care: a
modern role for an ancient tradition. Cancer Treatment Reviews. 2001;27:235-246.
4 Reisfield GM and Wilson GR. Use of metaphor in the discourse on cancer. Journal of Clinical
Oncology. 2004;22(19):4024-4027.
5 Penson RT, Schapira L, Daniels KJ, et al. Cancer as metaphor. The Oncologist. 2004;9:708-716.
6 Xu W, Towers AD, Li P, et al. Traditional Chinese medicine in cancer care: perspectives and
experiences of patients and professionals in China. European Journal of Cancer Care. 2006;15:397-403.
7 World Health Organization (online 202) WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005. Obtained at
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2002/WHO_EDM_TRM_2002.1.pdf on 03-15-07.
8 White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy, 2002. Obtained at
http://www.whccamp.hhs.gov/finalreport_pdf.html on 03-15-07.
9 Cragg GM, Boyd MR, Cardellina JH, et al. Ethnobotany and drug discovery: the experience of the US
National Cancer Institute. 1994 Ethnobotany and the search for new drugs. Wiley, Chichester (Ciba
Foundation Symposium 185), pp. 178-196.
10 Kaphle K, Wu L-S, Yang N-YJ, et al. Herbal medicine research in Taiwan. eCAM. 2006;3(1):149-155.
11 Xie H. How to select Chinese herbal medicine for cancer patients. American Journal of Traditional
Chinese Veterinary Medicine. 2006;1(1):49-52.
12 Kaphle K, Wu L-S, Yang N-Y J, and Lin J-H. Herbal medicine research in Taiwan. eCAM.
2006;3(1):149-155.
13 Lana SE, Kogan LR, Crump KA, Graham JT, and Robinson NG. The use of complementary and
alternative therapies in dogs and cats with cancer. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2006;42:361-365.
14 American Cancer Society. Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Methods. 2000. P. 196.
15 Xie H. How to select Chinese herbal medicine for cancer patients. American Journal of Traditional
Chinese Veterinary Medicine. 2006;1(1):49-52.
16 Wong R, Sagar CM, and Sagar SM. Integration of Chinese medicine into supportive cancer care: a
modern role for an ancient tradition. Cancer Treatment Reviews. 2001;27:235-246.
17 Wong R, Sagar CM, and Sagar SM. Integration of Chinese medicine into supportive cancer care: a
modern role for an ancient tradition. Cancer Treatment Reviews. 2001;27:235-246.
18 Xiu HM and Liu JX. Advances in TCM treatment for metastasis of tumors. Journal of Traditional
Chinese Medicine. 2003;23(2):151-157.
19 Wong R, Sagar CM, and Sagar SM. Integration of Chinese medicine into supportive cancer care: a
modern role for an ancient tradition. Cancer Treatment Reviews. 2001;27:235-246.
20 Wong R, Sagar CM, and Sagar SM. Integration of Chinese medicine into supportive cancer care: a
modern role for an ancient tradition. Cancer Treatment Reviews. 2001;27:235-246.
21 Wong R, Sagar CM, and Sagar SM. Integration of Chinese medicine into supportive cancer care: a
modern role for an ancient tradition. Cancer Treatment Reviews. 2001;27:235-246.
22 Sang H and Wu B. Clinical and experimental research into treatment of hysteromyoma with promoting
qi flow and blood circulation, softening and resolving hard lump. Journal of Traditional Chinese
Medicine. 2004;24(4):274-279.
23 Marsden S, Messonnier S, and Yuill C. Traditional Chinese Medicine. Obtained at
http://www.lifelearn.com/c3/Veterinary%20TCM.pdf on 02-17-07.
24 Jiang W-Y. Therapeutic wisdom in traditional Chinese medicine: a perspective from modern science.
TRENDS in Pharmacological Sciences. 2005;26(11):558-563.
25 Cohen I, Tagliaferri M, and Tripathy D. Traditional Chinese Medicine in the treatment of breast cancer.
Seminars in Oncology. 2002;29(6):563-574.
26 Takeichi M and Sato T. Studies on the psychosomatic functioning of ill-health according to Eastern and
Western Medicine 1. Visual observation of the sublingual vein for early detection of vital energy
stagnation and blood stasis. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1999;27(1):43-51.
27 Wang JF, Cai CZ, Kong CY, et al. A computer method for validating Traditional Chinese Medicine
herbal prescriptions. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2005;33(2):281-297.
28 Wang JF, Cai CZ, Kong CY, et al. A computer method for validating Traditional Chinese Medicine
herbal prescriptions. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2005;33(2):281-297.
29 Xie H. How to select Chinese herbal medicine for cancer patients. American Journal of Traditional
Chinese Veterinary Medicine. 2006;1(1):49-52.
30 Wang S, Zheng Z, Weng Y, et al. Angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis activity of Chinese medicinal
herbal extracts. Life Sciences. 2004;74:2467-2478.
31 Zhang T, Ma S-L, Xie G-R, et al. Clinical research on nourishing Yin and unblocking meridians recipe
combined with opioid analgesics in cancer pain management. Chin J Integr Med. 2006;12(3):180-184.
32 Deng W-P, Chao M-W, Lai W-F, et al. Correction of malignant behavior of tumor cells by traditional
Chinese herb medicine through a restoration of p53. Cancer Letters. 2006;233:315-327.
33 Wong WCW, Lee A, Wong SYS, et al. Strengths, weaknesses, and development of Traditional Chinese
Medicine in the health system of Hong Kong: through the eyes of future Western doctors. Journal of
Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2006;12(2):185-189.
34 Coyle M and Smith C. A survey comparing TCM diagnosis, health status and medical diagnosis in
women undergoing assisted reproduction. Acupuncture in Medicine. 2005;23(2):62-69.
35 Zhang GG, Lee W, Bausell B, et al. Variability in the Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM) diagnoses
and herbal prescriptions provided by three TCM practitioners for 40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2005;11(3):415-421.
36 Zhang GG, Bausell B, Lao L, et al. The variability of TCM pattern diagnosis and herbal prescription on
rheumatoid arthritis patients. Alternative Therapies. 2004;10(1):58-63.
37 Wynn SG and Fougere BJ. Veterinary Herbal Medicine. St. Louis: Mosby, Inc. 2007. P. 308.
38 Xie H. How to select Chinese herbal medicine for cancer patients. American Journal of Traditional
Chinese Veterinary Medicine. 2006;1(1):49-52.
39 Wong R, Sagar CM, and Sagar SM. Integration of Chinese medicine into supportive cancer care: a
modern role for an ancient tradition. Cancer Treatment Reviews. 2001;27:235-246.
40 Yadav, SK and Lee SC. Evidence for Oldenlandia diffusa-evoked cancer cell apoptosis through
superoxide burst and capsase activation. Journal of Chinese Integrative Meidcine. 2006;4(5):485-489.
41 McCulloch M, See C, Shu X-J, et al. Astragalus-based Chinese herbs and platinum-based chemotherapy
for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Journal of Clinical
Oncology. 2006;24(3):419-430.
42 Meijerman I, Beijnen JH, and Schellens JHM. Herb-drug interactions in oncology: focus on
mechanisms of induction. Oncologist. 2006;11:724-752.
Thursday, July 7, 2011
Saturday, July 2, 2011
Rare Cancer in Adulthood - Vulvar Cancer
Vulva is the external genital organs of the female, including the labia majora, mons pubis, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibule of the vagina.
Vulva cancer is a cancer arises from the abnormal cells growth of the epidermis of the vulvar tissue. The invasive cancer tends to affects women in later life and accounts for approximate 4 % of all female reproductive organs cancers.
Types of vulvar cancer
1. Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma
This cancer begins in the thin, flat cells that line the surface of the vulva and progresses through similar stages as squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and vagina and tends to spread via the local lymph system. Approximately 90% of vulva cancers are squamous cell carcinomas.
2. Vulvar melanoma.
This cancer begins in the pigment-producing cells found in the skin of the vulva and has a high risk of metastasis. The cancer accounts for an approximate 5% of all cases and tends to be aggressive and affects an younger age group.
3. Basal cell carcinoma
A slow growth type of vulvar cancer, accounts approximately 1-2 % of all cases and affects most ly older women age group.
4. Etc.
Causes and risk factorsThere is no known cause of vulvar cancer but the genetic change cause of mutation of DNA of the cells. Some theories suggested that it is caused by free radical but further studies are needed.
1. Human papilloma virus (HPV) -
Risk of vulvar cancer increases with the infection of HPV.
2. Sexually transmitted diseases
Women who are treated with antibodies due to sexual transmitted diseases such as herpes are at higher risk of vulvar cancer.
3. Lupus
Lupus is a chronic inflammatory diseases due to immune system attacks the body own tissues and organs. Statistic showed that risk of vulvar cancer increases by 5 fold with women with lupus.
4. Smoking
It may be due to cigarette carcinogens.
5. Immunosuppressant drugs
Using immunosuppressant drugs to suppress the immune system for implantation are at high risk to develop vulvar cancer.
6. HIV/AIDs
Increased risk of vulvar cancer for women with HIV/AIDS.
7. Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated disease that appears on the skin, as a result of immune system faulty signals that speed up the growth cycle of skin cells. Higher risk of vulvar cancer if a woman has developed the disease.
8. Etc.
Symptoms
1. Persistent itching
2. Bleeding
It may be caused by tumor has invaded the nearby capillaries.
3. Redness
4. Lump
Due to the growth of malignant cells
5. Painful during urination
It may be caused by cancer has narrow the urinary track
6. Genital warts
Growth of the cancer depends on the types of cells.
7. Painful sexual intercourse
8. Etc.
Grades
The Grade of vulvar cancer are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Vulva cancer is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated into deeper tissue but on the surface of the the inside lining of the vulvar lining.
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside vulvar limning but still completely inside the vulva.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b.Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:
Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the vulva.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the vulva.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissue immediately outside of the vulva to distant parts of the body.
Diagnosis and tests
After recording the family history and physical exam to look for any sign of abnormality, such as lump, in your vagina and cervix with the use of a speculum. The exam also includes a pap test for lab analysis.
1. Biopsy
In vulvar cancer biopsy, a very small tissue sample is extracted and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells by using a thin, tube like medical instrument to look for the grade of abnormal cells growth.
2. Cystoscopy
Cystoscopy is an exam to look inside surface of the bladder via the urethra with a thin, light tube called cystoscope under local anesthesia. If your doctor suspected that the cancer has spread to the bladder.
3. Proctoscopy
Proctoscopy is an visual exam of the rectum using a thin lighted tube. If your your doctor suspected that the cancer has spread to the bowel tissue.
4. Chest x-ray
If your doctor suspected that cancer has invaded the lung tissue.
2. CystoscopyVulva cancer is a cancer arises from the abnormal cells growth of the epidermis of the vulvar tissue. The invasive cancer tends to affects women in later life and accounts for approximate 4 % of all female reproductive organs cancers.
Types of vulvar cancer
1. Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma
This cancer begins in the thin, flat cells that line the surface of the vulva and progresses through similar stages as squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and vagina and tends to spread via the local lymph system. Approximately 90% of vulva cancers are squamous cell carcinomas.
2. Vulvar melanoma.
This cancer begins in the pigment-producing cells found in the skin of the vulva and has a high risk of metastasis. The cancer accounts for an approximate 5% of all cases and tends to be aggressive and affects an younger age group.
3. Basal cell carcinoma
A slow growth type of vulvar cancer, accounts approximately 1-2 % of all cases and affects most ly older women age group.
4. Etc.
Causes and risk factorsThere is no known cause of vulvar cancer but the genetic change cause of mutation of DNA of the cells. Some theories suggested that it is caused by free radical but further studies are needed.
1. Human papilloma virus (HPV) -
Risk of vulvar cancer increases with the infection of HPV.
2. Sexually transmitted diseases
Women who are treated with antibodies due to sexual transmitted diseases such as herpes are at higher risk of vulvar cancer.
3. Lupus
Lupus is a chronic inflammatory diseases due to immune system attacks the body own tissues and organs. Statistic showed that risk of vulvar cancer increases by 5 fold with women with lupus.
4. Smoking
It may be due to cigarette carcinogens.
5. Immunosuppressant drugs
Using immunosuppressant drugs to suppress the immune system for implantation are at high risk to develop vulvar cancer.
6. HIV/AIDs
Increased risk of vulvar cancer for women with HIV/AIDS.
7. Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated disease that appears on the skin, as a result of immune system faulty signals that speed up the growth cycle of skin cells. Higher risk of vulvar cancer if a woman has developed the disease.
8. Etc.
Symptoms
1. Persistent itching
2. Bleeding
It may be caused by tumor has invaded the nearby capillaries.
3. Redness
4. Lump
Due to the growth of malignant cells
5. Painful during urination
It may be caused by cancer has narrow the urinary track
6. Genital warts
Growth of the cancer depends on the types of cells.
7. Painful sexual intercourse
8. Etc.
Grades
The Grade of vulvar cancer are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Vulva cancer is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated into deeper tissue but on the surface of the the inside lining of the vulvar lining.
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside vulvar limning but still completely inside the vulva.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b.Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:
Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the vulva.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the vulva.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissue immediately outside of the vulva to distant parts of the body.
Diagnosis and tests
After recording the family history and physical exam to look for any sign of abnormality, such as lump, in your vagina and cervix with the use of a speculum. The exam also includes a pap test for lab analysis.
1. Biopsy
In vulvar cancer biopsy, a very small tissue sample is extracted and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells by using a thin, tube like medical instrument to look for the grade of abnormal cells growth.
2. Cystoscopy
Cystoscopy is an exam to look inside surface of the bladder via the urethra with a thin, light tube called cystoscope under local anesthesia. If your doctor suspected that the cancer has spread to the bladder.
3. Proctoscopy
Proctoscopy is an visual exam of the rectum using a thin lighted tube. If your your doctor suspected that the cancer has spread to the bowel tissue.
4. Chest x-ray
If your doctor suspected that cancer has invaded the lung tissue.
Cystoscopy is an exam to look inside surface of the bladder via the urethra with a thin, light tube called cystoscope under local anesthesia. If your doctor suspected that the cancer has spread to the bladder.
3. Proctoscopy
Proctoscopy is an visual exam of the rectum using a thin lighted tube. If your your doctor suspected that the cancer has spread to the bowel tissue.
4. Chest x-ray
If your doctor suspected that cancer has invaded the lung tissue.
5. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details. The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
6. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the vulva and surrounding areas.
7. Positron emission tomography (PET)
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a type of nuclear medicine imaging with the uses of small amounts of short-lived radioactive material, either injected into a vein, swallowed or inhaled as a gas which will appear in the area of the body being examined, where it gives off energy in the form of gamma rays detected by a camera of positron emission tomography that produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes of the organ in the body.
8. Etc.
Preventions
A. How to avoid
1. Quit smoking and limited intake of alcohol
In a study of Smoking, alcohol among risk factors for vulvar/vaginal carcinoma by reuter, researchers found that on multivariate logistic regression analysis, statistically significant risk factors for VV-SCCvulva included history of anogenital warts (p<0.001), marital status (p=0.03), smoker status (p<0.001), cumulative alcohol consumption (p=0.01), and years at school (p=0.02). Significant risk factors for VV-SCCvagina were genital washing habits before and after intercourse (p=0.02), history of preinvasive or invasive cervical cancer (p<0.001), smoker status (p=0.02), and cumulative alcohol consumption (p=0.003).
2. Safe sex practice
To reduce the risk of development of sexually transmitted diseases such as HPV infection.
3. Detecting pre-cancerous conditions
Pre-cancerous vulvar conditions can be prevented, if the vulva is examined at the same time when a woman has a pap test and pelvic examination.
4. Etc.
B. Diet
1. Cranberries
Cranberries contains high amount of cyanidin and delphidin which inhibit vulvar cancer in vitro.
2. Green tea
Green tea contain low levels of oxalate and some researchers believe that the amount of oxalate may already absorbed by the digestive system, before it has the change to enter the body . In some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.
3. Modified citrus pectin
In a study, researcher found modified citrus pectin may help block the growth and metastasis of solid tumors.
In a study, researcher found modified citrus pectin may help block the growth and metastasis of solid tumors.
4. Garlic
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
5. Cabbage
Cabbage beside contains high amount of antioxidants, but also phytonutrients that have been shown to help prevent the onset and halt the progression of certain cancers.
6. Etc.
C. Nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidants - free radical scavengers
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Cyanidin and delphidin
In a study of A study by Susanne Meiers and a team of researchers at the University of Regensburg in Germany, published in the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry in February 2001. researchers found that cyanidin and delphidin inhibits vulva cancer cells in vitro.
3. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
4. Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are under active research for possible benefits immune system, and as anti-cancer agents. Flavonoids found abundant in berry, inhibit caner cell in vitro study.
5. Lycopene
Many studies showed that antioxidant lycopene in tomato inhibits cancer cell growth and exhibit apoptosis, causing cell death.
6. Etc.
1. Antioxidants - free radical scavengers
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Cyanidin and delphidin
In a study of A study by Susanne Meiers and a team of researchers at the University of Regensburg in Germany, published in the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry in February 2001. researchers found that cyanidin and delphidin inhibits vulva cancer cells in vitro.
3. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
4. Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are under active research for possible benefits immune system, and as anti-cancer agents. Flavonoids found abundant in berry, inhibit caner cell in vitro study.
5. Lycopene
Many studies showed that antioxidant lycopene in tomato inhibits cancer cell growth and exhibit apoptosis, causing cell death.
6. Etc.
Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
1. Surgery
The aim of the surgery is to cure. If the tumor is small and has not spread deeply, surgery may be the only treatment. Otherwise, the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be necessary, depending to the stage and grade of the cancer. In some case, dissection of the lymph nodes in the groin may be necessary if extensive surgery is needed to cure.
b. Risks and side effects
Surgical and anesthesia risks
2. Radiotherapy
a. Sometime doctors give radiation for vulva cancer after surgery and before chemotherapy. In vulva cancer, radiation may be used to kill the cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing.
b. Side effects
b.1. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
3. Chemotherapy
a. If the cancer has spread, chemotherapy with use of drugs to cure vulva cancer even the cancer has spread to distant part of the body. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of cancer combined with radio therapy.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
4. Laser Therapy
a. Laser therapy is a treatment for patients with a low grade and stage of vulva cancer by using a laser beam concentrated to kill off the cancer cells.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. burning and/or swelling to the treated area
b.2. Itching,
b.3. Redness
b.4. Etc.
5. Etc.
B. Herbal medicine
1. Asparagus Cochinchinensis
In vitro studies researchers found that curcumin acts as a weak phytoestrogen, exhibits neuroprotective, antiproliferative and preventative effects against cancer.
2. Celandine
Celandine is a herbaceous perennial plant, genus Chelidonium, belonging to the family Papaveraceae, native to Europe and western Asia and introduced widely in North America.
In a study of Ukrain (Ukrain is an anticancer drug based on the extract of the plant)– a new cancer cure? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials, researcher suggested, according to the data from randomised clinical trials that Ukrain to have potential as an anticancer drug. However, numerous caveats prevent a positive conclusion, and independent rigorous studies are urgently needed.
3. Fenugreek
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed), genus Trigonella, belonging to family Fabaceae. Vitro studies have shown that fenugreek exhibits chemopreventive properties against certain cancers.
4. Aloe
in some studies, researchers suggest that some chemical compounds of aloe, such as acemannan, aloeride, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) may have immunomodulating and anticancer effects.
5. Etc.
1. Asparagus Cochinchinensis
In vitro studies researchers found that curcumin acts as a weak phytoestrogen, exhibits neuroprotective, antiproliferative and preventative effects against cancer.
2. Celandine
Celandine is a herbaceous perennial plant, genus Chelidonium, belonging to the family Papaveraceae, native to Europe and western Asia and introduced widely in North America.
In a study of Ukrain (Ukrain is an anticancer drug based on the extract of the plant)– a new cancer cure? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials, researcher suggested, according to the data from randomised clinical trials that Ukrain to have potential as an anticancer drug. However, numerous caveats prevent a positive conclusion, and independent rigorous studies are urgently needed.
3. Fenugreek
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed), genus Trigonella, belonging to family Fabaceae. Vitro studies have shown that fenugreek exhibits chemopreventive properties against certain cancers.
4. Aloe
in some studies, researchers suggest that some chemical compounds of aloe, such as acemannan, aloeride, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) may have immunomodulating and anticancer effects.
5. Etc.
C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Dang qui
Dang qui is also known as Chinese engelica root. A study published in the journal Life Sciences in August 2004 showed that an extract of Dang qui was able to slow the proliferation of several different types of cancer cells in vitro.
2. Huang Qi
In study of Astragalus-Based Chinese Herbs and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials, researchers found that astragalus may increase effectiveness of platinum-based chemotherapy when combined with chemotherapy. These results require confirmation with rigorously controlled trials.
According to the American Cancer Society, the substances, licochalcone-A, licocoumarone and glabridin, which are present in licorice root, may prevent mutations in the DNA and kill existing cancer.
3. Pu Kong Yin (Dandelion Root)
In a study of the efficacy of dandelion root extract in inducing apoptosis in drug-resistant human melanoma cells, researchers found that treatment with this common, yet potent extract of natural compounds has proven novel in specifically inducing apoptosis in chemoresistant melanoma, without toxicity to healthy cells.
4. Gan Cao
Gan Cao is also known as Licorice root. In-vitro, researchers found that saponins in Gan Cao stimulate the immune system and inhibit Epstein-Barr virus expression and possess anti-cancer activities.
Etc.
1. Dang qui
Dang qui is also known as Chinese engelica root. A study published in the journal Life Sciences in August 2004 showed that an extract of Dang qui was able to slow the proliferation of several different types of cancer cells in vitro.
2. Huang Qi
In study of Astragalus-Based Chinese Herbs and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials, researchers found that astragalus may increase effectiveness of platinum-based chemotherapy when combined with chemotherapy. These results require confirmation with rigorously controlled trials.
According to the American Cancer Society, the substances, licochalcone-A, licocoumarone and glabridin, which are present in licorice root, may prevent mutations in the DNA and kill existing cancer.
3. Pu Kong Yin (Dandelion Root)
In a study of the efficacy of dandelion root extract in inducing apoptosis in drug-resistant human melanoma cells, researchers found that treatment with this common, yet potent extract of natural compounds has proven novel in specifically inducing apoptosis in chemoresistant melanoma, without toxicity to healthy cells.
4. Gan Cao
Gan Cao is also known as Licorice root. In-vitro, researchers found that saponins in Gan Cao stimulate the immune system and inhibit Epstein-Barr virus expression and possess anti-cancer activities.
Etc.
Rare Cancer in Adulthood - Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma is a aggressive cancer arises from the cells thin layer of tissue, covering the majority of your internal organs such as the tissue surrounded the lungs, in the abdomen, around the heart, the testicles, etc.
Types of mesothelioma
There are 3 main types of mesothelioma, depending to the origination of the cancer
1. Pleural mesothelioma
If the cancer arises from the tissue of the lung.
2. Peritoneal mesothelioma
If the cancers arises from the malignant cells of the tissue in the abdomen.
3. Pericardial Mesothelioma
If the cancer arises from the malignant cells of the tissue of the cavity that surrounds the heart.
Symptoms
Symptoms may be vary depending to the types of the disease.
1. Chest pain under the rib cage
If the cancer arises from the lung.
2. Persistently painful coughing
Cancer has affected the lung function.
3. Shortness of breath
Cancer has affected the lung function.
4. Lump on the chest
Cancer has spread to the chest lymph nodes
5. Weight loss
Unintentional weight loss of over 10% is a general symptom of cancers.
6. Loss of appetite
Another symptom of cancers
7. Abdominal pain
If cancer arises from the tissue of abdomen.
8. Swelling
Due to fluid retention or tumor.
9. Lump on the abdomen
Cancer has invades the abdominal lymph nodes.
10. Etc.
Causes and risk factors
1. Asbestos exposure
According to the study in 1960 finally identified asbestos as a causative factor in mesothelioma cases in South Africa. and in 1992 researchers learned that DNA can adhere to asbestos fibers; when these fibers enter cells, they can transfer DNA from one cell to another, leading to
mutations and cancer.
2. Radiation
IN a 2005 study entitled “Clinical Course of Thoracic Cancers in Hodgkin’s Disease Survivors” (P. Das, A.K. Ng, M.A. Stevenson, and P.M. Mauch), researchers found that Hodgkin’s disease patients who were treated with radiation therapy have a high incidence of mesothelioma disease.
3. Zeolite
In a study, 891 men and women who lived in three different Turkish villages in the Cappadocia region. In two of the villages, the residents were exposed to erionite. The third was used as a control. followed 891 men and women who lived in three different Turkish villages in the Cappadocia region. In two of the villages, the residents were exposed to erionite. The third was used as a control over 23 years period, researchers found that during the study, which stretched from 1979 until 2003, 372 individuals died. Of all those who passed away, 119 were stricken with mesothelioma cancer and died as a result of the disease or complications of the disease. In the two villages where residents were exposed to the toxic mineral, the pleural mesothelioma death rate was 44.5 percent. There were only 2 deaths from mesothelioma in the control village and both of those individuals were born outside of that control village.
4. Simian virus 40 used in polio vaccines.
In some studies, researchers found that there is a link between mesothelioma and simian virus 40 (SV40), a virus originally found in monkeys.
5. Family history
Increased risk of mesothelioma if you have a family history of the disease.
6. Living with people exposed to asbestos
It may be caused by asbestos attached to the clothing during exposure.
7. Etc.
Grades
The grade of mesothelioma are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Mesothelioma is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated into deeper tissue and remain on the surface of the tissue.
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside tissue lining but still completely inside the affected organ or cavity.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:
The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b.Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the other tissue of the organ, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:
Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage IIIn stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the affected organ or cavity.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the affected organ or cavity.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissue immediately outside of the affected organ and cavity to distant parts of the body.
Diagnosis and tests
After recording your family history and a complete physical exams for any lump in the affected area, your doctor may suggested
1. Biopsy
In mesothelioma biopsy, a very small tissue sample is extracted and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells by using a thin, tube like medical instrument to look for the grade of abnormal cells growth, deepening to the location and type of the cancer.
2. Chest x ray
If the cancer is originated from the tissue of the lung or your doctor suspected that cancer has invaded the lung tissue.
3. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details. The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
4. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the tissue, the organ and surrounding areas.
5. Positron emission tomography (PET)
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a type of nuclear medicine imaging with the uses of small amounts of short-lived radioactive material, either injected into a vein, swallowed or inhaled as a gas which will appear in the area of the body being examined, where it gives off energy in the form of gamma rays detected by a camera of positron emission tomography that produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes of the organ in the body.
6. Etc.
Preventions
A. What to void
1. Avoid exposed to asbestos
If occupation required, please take all precaution to protect yourself.
2. Change your occupation
If you are working in the industrial occupation with exposure to the asbestos, you might consider to change your job to protect you and your family against the developing of mesothelioma.
3. Monitor your health
If you are in the asbestos related occupation.
4. Etc.
B. Diet
1. Green tea
Green tea contain low levels of oxalate and some researchers believe that the amount of oxalate may already absorbed by the digestive system, before it has the change to enter the body . In some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.
2. Carrot
Study found that carrot contains high amount of falcarinol may affect the growth of cancer.
3. Garlic
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
4. Grape
Grape contains high amount of resveratrol which in some clinical studies of resveratrol, researchers found that resveratrol demonstrated an ability to reduce tumors already in existence, prevent cellular damage, and work to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy.
5. Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, etc. beside contain high amount of antioxidants, but also phytonutrients that have been shown to help prevent the onset and halt the progression of certain cancers.
6. Etc.
C. Nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidant - free radical scavengers
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Falcarinol
In a study from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (UK) and the University of Southern Denmark (Odense) used a rat model to study the effect of carrots and falcarinol on tumor development, researchers found that found a diet rich in carrots provides anticancer benefits due to the activity of the chemical falcarinol, a natural pesticide, which carrots produce to defend themselves against fungal diseases.
3. Resveratrol and proanthocyanidins
In somestudies, researchers found that antioxident properties of resveratrol and proanthocyanidins, a substance found in grape seed extract, have been shown to prevent the cellular damage that often leads to cancer in both tissue samples and animal tests.
4. Lycopene
Many studies showed that antioxidant lycopene in tomato inhibits cancer cell growth and exhibit apoptosis, causing cell death.
5. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
6. Etc.
Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
1. Surgery
a. The aim of the surgery is to cure, if the cancer diagnosed in early stage, the tumor can be removed completely, depending to the location and size of the tumor. In case cancer can not be removed completely radiotherapy to kills the cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing locally or chemotherapy if the cancer has spread to distant part of the body.
b. Risk and side effects
Surgical and anesthesia risk
2. Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy
a. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills lung cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing. Depending to stage, grade and location of the affected area. Radiation may be used in situations when surgery isn't an option.
b. Side effects
b.1.. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
3. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of the cancer, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs such as adriamycin, cis-platinum, cyclophosphamide, etc. taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
4. Etc.
B. Herbal medicine
1. Asparagus Cochinchinensis
In vitro studies researchers found that curcumin acts as a weak phytoestrogen, exhibits neuroprotective, antiproliferative and preventative effects against cancer.
2. Devil's Claw
The extract of Harpagophytum procumbens, commonly known as devil's claw,In vitro studies, researchers found that cat's claw demonstrated anticancer effects against several cancer cell lines and has been reported to be effective in the treatment of lymphoma cancer, according to a study conducted by K. S. Wilson, M.D., which was published in the journal "Current Oncology" in August 2009.
3. Allium tuberosum
In a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro. Oral administration of leek extract significantly reduced lung metastases in the present animal model.
4. Nettle
Nettle or stinging nettle, is a perennial plant growing in temperate and tropical wasteland areas around the world, genus Urtica, belonging to the family Urticaceae. In some studies, research found that nettle's anti-inflammatory actions are attributed to its ability to interrupt the production and actions of inflammation-producing immune cells in the body (cytokines, prostaglandins and leukotreines)
5. Scutellaria
Scutellaria is also known as skullcaps, a genus of flowering plants, genus Scutellaria, belonging to family Lamiaceae. In a study of Inhibition of Cancer Cell Proliferation and Prostaglandin E2 Synthesis by Scutellaria Baicalensis, researchers found that Scutellaria baicalensis selectively and effectively inhibits cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo and can be an effective chemotherapeutic agent for HNSCC. Inhibition of PGE2 synthesis via suppression of COX-2 expression may be responsible for its anticancer activity.
6. Etc.
C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Gan Cao
Gan Cao is also known as Licorice root. In-vitro, researchers found that saponins in Gan Cao stimulate the immune system and inhibit Epstein-Barr virus expression and possess anti-cancer activities.
2. Bai Hua She She Cao
The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.
3. Wu Ling Zhi
Wu Ling Zhi is also known as Trogopterus Dung. A report from China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2006-07 showed that Radix ex Rhizoma Ginseng and Trogopterus Dung inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of tumor cell.
4. Jiu Zi (Chinese leek)
In a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro.
5. Lei Gong Teng (Thunder God Vine) and Teng Huang (Gamboge)
Celastrol is a chemical found in the Chinese herb called Lei Gong Teng (Tripterygii Wilfordi Radix Folium). Gambogic acid (GA) is a major active ingredient of Teng Huang gamboge. A recent study was conducted at the Medical College of Georgia in Atlanta, funded in part by the by National Institutes of Health, the Mayo Foundation and a grant from the American Heart Association. The study reported a “combination of Gambogic acid (GA) and celastrol has a synergistic antitumor effect” and concluded this “may be a promising modality for treating oral squamous cell carcinoma.”
6. Etc.
For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
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Types of mesothelioma
There are 3 main types of mesothelioma, depending to the origination of the cancer
1. Pleural mesothelioma
If the cancer arises from the tissue of the lung.
2. Peritoneal mesothelioma
If the cancers arises from the malignant cells of the tissue in the abdomen.
3. Pericardial Mesothelioma
If the cancer arises from the malignant cells of the tissue of the cavity that surrounds the heart.
Symptoms
Symptoms may be vary depending to the types of the disease.
1. Chest pain under the rib cage
If the cancer arises from the lung.
2. Persistently painful coughing
Cancer has affected the lung function.
3. Shortness of breath
Cancer has affected the lung function.
4. Lump on the chest
Cancer has spread to the chest lymph nodes
5. Weight loss
Unintentional weight loss of over 10% is a general symptom of cancers.
6. Loss of appetite
Another symptom of cancers
7. Abdominal pain
If cancer arises from the tissue of abdomen.
8. Swelling
Due to fluid retention or tumor.
9. Lump on the abdomen
Cancer has invades the abdominal lymph nodes.
10. Etc.
Causes and risk factors
1. Asbestos exposure
According to the study in 1960 finally identified asbestos as a causative factor in mesothelioma cases in South Africa. and in 1992 researchers learned that DNA can adhere to asbestos fibers; when these fibers enter cells, they can transfer DNA from one cell to another, leading to
mutations and cancer.
2. Radiation
IN a 2005 study entitled “Clinical Course of Thoracic Cancers in Hodgkin’s Disease Survivors” (P. Das, A.K. Ng, M.A. Stevenson, and P.M. Mauch), researchers found that Hodgkin’s disease patients who were treated with radiation therapy have a high incidence of mesothelioma disease.
3. Zeolite
In a study, 891 men and women who lived in three different Turkish villages in the Cappadocia region. In two of the villages, the residents were exposed to erionite. The third was used as a control. followed 891 men and women who lived in three different Turkish villages in the Cappadocia region. In two of the villages, the residents were exposed to erionite. The third was used as a control over 23 years period, researchers found that during the study, which stretched from 1979 until 2003, 372 individuals died. Of all those who passed away, 119 were stricken with mesothelioma cancer and died as a result of the disease or complications of the disease. In the two villages where residents were exposed to the toxic mineral, the pleural mesothelioma death rate was 44.5 percent. There were only 2 deaths from mesothelioma in the control village and both of those individuals were born outside of that control village.
4. Simian virus 40 used in polio vaccines.
In some studies, researchers found that there is a link between mesothelioma and simian virus 40 (SV40), a virus originally found in monkeys.
5. Family history
Increased risk of mesothelioma if you have a family history of the disease.
6. Living with people exposed to asbestos
It may be caused by asbestos attached to the clothing during exposure.
7. Etc.
Grades
The grade of mesothelioma are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Mesothelioma is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated into deeper tissue and remain on the surface of the tissue.
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside tissue lining but still completely inside the affected organ or cavity.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:
The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b.Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the other tissue of the organ, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:
Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage IIIn stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the affected organ or cavity.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the affected organ or cavity.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissue immediately outside of the affected organ and cavity to distant parts of the body.
Diagnosis and tests
After recording your family history and a complete physical exams for any lump in the affected area, your doctor may suggested
1. Biopsy
In mesothelioma biopsy, a very small tissue sample is extracted and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells by using a thin, tube like medical instrument to look for the grade of abnormal cells growth, deepening to the location and type of the cancer.
2. Chest x ray
If the cancer is originated from the tissue of the lung or your doctor suspected that cancer has invaded the lung tissue.
3. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details. The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
4. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the tissue, the organ and surrounding areas.
5. Positron emission tomography (PET)
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a type of nuclear medicine imaging with the uses of small amounts of short-lived radioactive material, either injected into a vein, swallowed or inhaled as a gas which will appear in the area of the body being examined, where it gives off energy in the form of gamma rays detected by a camera of positron emission tomography that produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes of the organ in the body.
6. Etc.
Preventions
A. What to void
1. Avoid exposed to asbestos
If occupation required, please take all precaution to protect yourself.
2. Change your occupation
If you are working in the industrial occupation with exposure to the asbestos, you might consider to change your job to protect you and your family against the developing of mesothelioma.
3. Monitor your health
If you are in the asbestos related occupation.
4. Etc.
B. Diet
1. Green tea
Green tea contain low levels of oxalate and some researchers believe that the amount of oxalate may already absorbed by the digestive system, before it has the change to enter the body . In some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.
2. Carrot
Study found that carrot contains high amount of falcarinol may affect the growth of cancer.
3. Garlic
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
4. Grape
Grape contains high amount of resveratrol which in some clinical studies of resveratrol, researchers found that resveratrol demonstrated an ability to reduce tumors already in existence, prevent cellular damage, and work to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy.
5. Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, etc. beside contain high amount of antioxidants, but also phytonutrients that have been shown to help prevent the onset and halt the progression of certain cancers.
6. Etc.
C. Nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidant - free radical scavengers
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Falcarinol
In a study from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (UK) and the University of Southern Denmark (Odense) used a rat model to study the effect of carrots and falcarinol on tumor development, researchers found that found a diet rich in carrots provides anticancer benefits due to the activity of the chemical falcarinol, a natural pesticide, which carrots produce to defend themselves against fungal diseases.
3. Resveratrol and proanthocyanidins
In somestudies, researchers found that antioxident properties of resveratrol and proanthocyanidins, a substance found in grape seed extract, have been shown to prevent the cellular damage that often leads to cancer in both tissue samples and animal tests.
4. Lycopene
Many studies showed that antioxidant lycopene in tomato inhibits cancer cell growth and exhibit apoptosis, causing cell death.
5. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
6. Etc.
Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
1. Surgery
a. The aim of the surgery is to cure, if the cancer diagnosed in early stage, the tumor can be removed completely, depending to the location and size of the tumor. In case cancer can not be removed completely radiotherapy to kills the cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing locally or chemotherapy if the cancer has spread to distant part of the body.
b. Risk and side effects
Surgical and anesthesia risk
2. Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy
a. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills lung cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing. Depending to stage, grade and location of the affected area. Radiation may be used in situations when surgery isn't an option.
b. Side effects
b.1.. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
3. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of the cancer, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs such as adriamycin, cis-platinum, cyclophosphamide, etc. taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
4. Etc.
B. Herbal medicine
1. Asparagus Cochinchinensis
In vitro studies researchers found that curcumin acts as a weak phytoestrogen, exhibits neuroprotective, antiproliferative and preventative effects against cancer.
2. Devil's Claw
The extract of Harpagophytum procumbens, commonly known as devil's claw,In vitro studies, researchers found that cat's claw demonstrated anticancer effects against several cancer cell lines and has been reported to be effective in the treatment of lymphoma cancer, according to a study conducted by K. S. Wilson, M.D., which was published in the journal "Current Oncology" in August 2009.
3. Allium tuberosum
In a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro. Oral administration of leek extract significantly reduced lung metastases in the present animal model.
4. Nettle
Nettle or stinging nettle, is a perennial plant growing in temperate and tropical wasteland areas around the world, genus Urtica, belonging to the family Urticaceae. In some studies, research found that nettle's anti-inflammatory actions are attributed to its ability to interrupt the production and actions of inflammation-producing immune cells in the body (cytokines, prostaglandins and leukotreines)
5. Scutellaria
Scutellaria is also known as skullcaps, a genus of flowering plants, genus Scutellaria, belonging to family Lamiaceae. In a study of Inhibition of Cancer Cell Proliferation and Prostaglandin E2 Synthesis by Scutellaria Baicalensis, researchers found that Scutellaria baicalensis selectively and effectively inhibits cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo and can be an effective chemotherapeutic agent for HNSCC. Inhibition of PGE2 synthesis via suppression of COX-2 expression may be responsible for its anticancer activity.
6. Etc.
C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Gan Cao
Gan Cao is also known as Licorice root. In-vitro, researchers found that saponins in Gan Cao stimulate the immune system and inhibit Epstein-Barr virus expression and possess anti-cancer activities.
2. Bai Hua She She Cao
The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.
3. Wu Ling Zhi
Wu Ling Zhi is also known as Trogopterus Dung. A report from China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2006-07 showed that Radix ex Rhizoma Ginseng and Trogopterus Dung inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of tumor cell.
4. Jiu Zi (Chinese leek)
In a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro.
5. Lei Gong Teng (Thunder God Vine) and Teng Huang (Gamboge)
Celastrol is a chemical found in the Chinese herb called Lei Gong Teng (Tripterygii Wilfordi Radix Folium). Gambogic acid (GA) is a major active ingredient of Teng Huang gamboge. A recent study was conducted at the Medical College of Georgia in Atlanta, funded in part by the by National Institutes of Health, the Mayo Foundation and a grant from the American Heart Association. The study reported a “combination of Gambogic acid (GA) and celastrol has a synergistic antitumor effect” and concluded this “may be a promising modality for treating oral squamous cell carcinoma.”
6. Etc.
For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Rare Cancer in Adulthood - Gallbladder Cancer
Gallbladder is a small organ under the liver with a function of aiding the digestive system in fat metabolism with storing of the bile produced by the liver.
Gallbladder cancer is defined as a cancer arises from the cells of tissue of the gallbladder. It is common cancer in central and South America, central and eastern Europe, Japan and northern India, but rare in North America.
Symptoms
1. Steady pain in the upper right abdomen
Due to enlarged of the tumor
2. Weakness
Due to not enough bile in production of energy in fat metabolism.
3. Loss of appetite
A common symptom of cancer
4. Weight loss
Another common symptom of cancer.
5. Jaundice
Due to abnormal liver function affected by gallbladder cancer.
6. Vomiting
Due to obstruction of bile flow.
7. Gallbladder inflammation
Due to obstruction of bile flow cause of inflammation
8. Etc.
Causes and risk factor
1. Genetic factors
In a study of Alterations of p53 gene in gallbladder cancer patients of North India, researchers concluded that our results show that 1//3rd of the north Indian patients with GBC have antibodies to p53 protein. The commonest identifiable alteration in the p53 gene was a frameshift mutation at codon 271.
2. Gallstones
Risk of gallbladder cancer increases with the presence of gallstones.
3. Inflammation of the gallbladder
Risk of gallbladder cancer increase for people with chronic gallbladder inflammation.
4. Obesity
In a study of Obesity and the risk of gallbladder cancer: a meta-analysis, researchers suggested in summary that this meta-analysis indicates that excess body weight is a risk factor for gallbladder cancer, suggesting that it may in part be prevented by maintaining a healthy body weight.
5. Alcohol drinking
Alcohol increases the risk if the development of gallstones in the bladder
6. Chemical substances
Exposure to certain chemical substance such as aromatic hydrocarbons may increase risk of the disease.
7. Age
elders over 70 of age is at risk of of gallbladder cancer.
8. Family history
Increased risk of the disease with people with family history of gallbladder cancer.
9. Smoking
In a study of Acute effect of smoking on gallbladder emptying and refilling in chronic smokers and nonsmokers, researchers found that there is a link between smoking and gallbladder.
10. Etc
Diagnosis and tests
After recording the family history and physical exam to check for any sign of cancer such as swelling, lump, etc. Your doctor may suggest the diagnosis and tests below.
1. Blood test for tumor markers (CEA and CA19-9)
Any indication of high levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA19-9 in the blood may be result of gallbladder cancer.
2. Ultrasound
Ultrasound allows your doctor to visualize and assess the size and to check for any abnormality and surrounding area with image taken from the test.
3. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details. The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
4. Chest x-ray
If your doctor suspected that cancer has invaded the lung tissue.
5. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the vulva and surrounding areas.
6. Biopsy
In gallbladder cancer biopsy, a very small tissue sample is extracted and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells by using a thin, tube like medical instrument to look for the grade of abnormal cells growth.
7. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is a procedure of x-ray the liver and bile ducts after injection of dye in toto the liver and bile duct with a thin tube-like needle inserted through the skin and into the liver to check for any blockage of the organ. In case a blockage is found, bile will be drained through a thin, flexible tube put in the liver to the small intestine.
9. Etc.
Grades
The grade of gallbladder cancer are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Gallbladder cancer is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated into deeper tissue but on the surface of the inside lining of the gallbladder .
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside gallbladder lining but still completely inside the gallbladder.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b.Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the gallbladder.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the gallbladder.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissue immediately outside of the gallbladder to distant parts of the body.
Prevention
A. How to avoid
1, Quit smoking
Smoking
In a study of Acute effect of smoking on gallbladder emptying and refilling in chronic smokers and nonsmokers: a sonographic study by Degirmenci B, Albayrak R, Haktanir A, Acar M, Yucel A. researchers found that smoking prolongs the maximal GB emptying time both in smokers and in nonsmokers though it is not significant. It delays GB contraction in chronic smokers and causes a significant decrease in GB emptying volume. Smoking causes no significant delay in GB refilling in both smokers and nonsmokers. These effects of smoking observed in acute phase result in bile stasis in GB. Bile stasis is the underlying cause of most GB disorders in chronic process.
2. Reduce intake of Alcohol drinking
Alcohol increases the risk if the development of gallstones in the bladder.
3. Reduce weight
In a study of Obesity and the risk of gallbladder cancer: a meta-analysis, researchers suggested in summary that this meta-analysis indicates that excess body weight is a risk factor for gallbladder cancer, suggesting that it may in part be prevented by maintaining a healthy body weight.
4. Chemical substances
In a study of Gallbladder cancer presenting with Trousseau's sign in a 31-year-old man with
occupational exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons, researchers found that his exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons was aetiologically important and further studies of workers with similar exposures should be taken.
5. Avoid inflammation of gallbladder
Cholecystitis People with inflammation of the gallbladder, Cholecystitis, are at risk of the cancer.
6. Etc.
B. Diet
1. Garlic
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
2. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.
3. Carrot
Carrot contains high amount of beta carotene which has shown to induce appotosis of cancer cells. In study of Cell Cycle Regulation and Induction of Apoptosis by β-carotene, researchers found that in vivo study warrants further confirmation that β-carotene acts as apoptosis agent in cancer cells particularly leukemia cells but not normal cells.
4. Tomato
Many studies showed that antioxidant lycopene in tomato inhibits cancer cell growth and exhibit apoptosis, causing cell death.
5. Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, etc. beside contain high amount of antioxidants, but also phytonutrients that have been shown to help prevent the onset and halt the progression of certain cancers.
6. Etc.
C. Nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidants - - free radical scavengers
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
3. Theanine
an amino acid that produces tranquilizing effects in the brain, theanine found in green tea, has a significant clinical results for naturally calming as it promotes alpha brain waves, putting you in a state of relaxation without causing drowsiness. It also increases the dopamine levels in the brain, leading to a well-being feeling.
4. Indole-3-carbinol
Cabbage, a curciferous vegetables contains high amount of indole-3-carbinol, a chemical which boosts DNA repair in cells and appears to block the growth of cancer cells.
5. Quercetin
In study of effects of quercetin on human laryngeal cancer Hep-2 cells, researchers found that Quercetin could effectively inhibit the proliferation of Hep-2 cells and its mechanism is probably related to the apoptosis
6. Etc.
Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
1. Surgery
Surgery is the primary treatment for patient with in gallbladder cancer. If the cancer has not spread and within the gallbladder, then removing it will have a higher chance to cure. If the cancer has spread to the liver then surgery will include the removal of the gallbladder and parts of the liver.
2. Radiotherapy
a. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing. Depending to stage, grade and location of the affected area. Radiation may be used in situations when surgery isn't an option.
b. Side effects
b.1.. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
3. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of skin cancer, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
4. Etc
B. Herbal medicine
1. Aloe
In some studies, researchers suggest that some chemical compounds of aloe, such as acemannan, aloeride, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) may have immunomodulating and anticancer effects.
2. Leaves of Camellia sinensis
In some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.
3. Allium sativum,
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
4. Allium tuberosum
In a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro. Oral administration of leek extract significantly reduced lung metastases in the present animal model.
5. Absinthe
Absinthe is also known as Wormwood, a distilled, highly alcoholic beverage flowers extracted from leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium. In a study, researcher at the University of Washington found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer.
C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Gan Cao
Gan Cao is also known as Licorice root. In-vitro, researchers found that saponins in Gan Cao stimulate the immune system and inhibit Epstein-Barr virus expression and possess anti-cancer activities.
2. Huang Qi
In study of Astragalus-Based Chinese Herbs and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials, researchers found that astragalus may increase effectiveness of platinum-based chemotherapy when combined with chemotherapy. These results require confirmation with rigorously controlled trials.
According to the American Cancer Society, the substances, licochalcone-A, licocoumarone and glabridin, which are present in licorice root, may prevent mutations in the DNA and kill existing cancer.
3. Wu Ling Zhi
Wu Ling Zhi is also known as Trogopterus Dung. A report from China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2006-07 showed that Radix ex Rhizoma Ginseng and Trogopterus Dung inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of tumor cell.
4. Qing Hao
Qing Hao is also known as wormwood. In a study, researcher at the University of Washington researcher found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer among the ancient arts of Chinese folk medicine.
5. Ban Zhi Lian
In a recent study results suggest that ginger, tea, and a Chinese herb called Scutellaria barbata or Ban Zhi Lian could all help to prevent cancer.
For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Gallbladder cancer is defined as a cancer arises from the cells of tissue of the gallbladder. It is common cancer in central and South America, central and eastern Europe, Japan and northern India, but rare in North America.
Symptoms
1. Steady pain in the upper right abdomen
Due to enlarged of the tumor
2. Weakness
Due to not enough bile in production of energy in fat metabolism.
3. Loss of appetite
A common symptom of cancer
4. Weight loss
Another common symptom of cancer.
5. Jaundice
Due to abnormal liver function affected by gallbladder cancer.
6. Vomiting
Due to obstruction of bile flow.
7. Gallbladder inflammation
Due to obstruction of bile flow cause of inflammation
8. Etc.
Causes and risk factor
1. Genetic factors
In a study of Alterations of p53 gene in gallbladder cancer patients of North India, researchers concluded that our results show that 1//3rd of the north Indian patients with GBC have antibodies to p53 protein. The commonest identifiable alteration in the p53 gene was a frameshift mutation at codon 271.
2. Gallstones
Risk of gallbladder cancer increases with the presence of gallstones.
3. Inflammation of the gallbladder
Risk of gallbladder cancer increase for people with chronic gallbladder inflammation.
4. Obesity
In a study of Obesity and the risk of gallbladder cancer: a meta-analysis, researchers suggested in summary that this meta-analysis indicates that excess body weight is a risk factor for gallbladder cancer, suggesting that it may in part be prevented by maintaining a healthy body weight.
5. Alcohol drinking
Alcohol increases the risk if the development of gallstones in the bladder
6. Chemical substances
Exposure to certain chemical substance such as aromatic hydrocarbons may increase risk of the disease.
7. Age
elders over 70 of age is at risk of of gallbladder cancer.
8. Family history
Increased risk of the disease with people with family history of gallbladder cancer.
9. Smoking
In a study of Acute effect of smoking on gallbladder emptying and refilling in chronic smokers and nonsmokers, researchers found that there is a link between smoking and gallbladder.
10. Etc
Diagnosis and tests
After recording the family history and physical exam to check for any sign of cancer such as swelling, lump, etc. Your doctor may suggest the diagnosis and tests below.
1. Blood test for tumor markers (CEA and CA19-9)
Any indication of high levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA19-9 in the blood may be result of gallbladder cancer.
2. Ultrasound
Ultrasound allows your doctor to visualize and assess the size and to check for any abnormality and surrounding area with image taken from the test.
3. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details. The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
4. Chest x-ray
If your doctor suspected that cancer has invaded the lung tissue.
5. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the vulva and surrounding areas.
6. Biopsy
In gallbladder cancer biopsy, a very small tissue sample is extracted and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells by using a thin, tube like medical instrument to look for the grade of abnormal cells growth.
7. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is a procedure of x-ray the liver and bile ducts after injection of dye in toto the liver and bile duct with a thin tube-like needle inserted through the skin and into the liver to check for any blockage of the organ. In case a blockage is found, bile will be drained through a thin, flexible tube put in the liver to the small intestine.
9. Etc.
Grades
The grade of gallbladder cancer are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Gallbladder cancer is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated into deeper tissue but on the surface of the inside lining of the gallbladder .
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside gallbladder lining but still completely inside the gallbladder.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b.Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the gallbladder.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the gallbladder.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissue immediately outside of the gallbladder to distant parts of the body.
Prevention
A. How to avoid
1, Quit smoking
Smoking
In a study of Acute effect of smoking on gallbladder emptying and refilling in chronic smokers and nonsmokers: a sonographic study by Degirmenci B, Albayrak R, Haktanir A, Acar M, Yucel A. researchers found that smoking prolongs the maximal GB emptying time both in smokers and in nonsmokers though it is not significant. It delays GB contraction in chronic smokers and causes a significant decrease in GB emptying volume. Smoking causes no significant delay in GB refilling in both smokers and nonsmokers. These effects of smoking observed in acute phase result in bile stasis in GB. Bile stasis is the underlying cause of most GB disorders in chronic process.
2. Reduce intake of Alcohol drinking
Alcohol increases the risk if the development of gallstones in the bladder.
3. Reduce weight
In a study of Obesity and the risk of gallbladder cancer: a meta-analysis, researchers suggested in summary that this meta-analysis indicates that excess body weight is a risk factor for gallbladder cancer, suggesting that it may in part be prevented by maintaining a healthy body weight.
4. Chemical substances
In a study of Gallbladder cancer presenting with Trousseau's sign in a 31-year-old man with
occupational exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons, researchers found that his exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons was aetiologically important and further studies of workers with similar exposures should be taken.
5. Avoid inflammation of gallbladder
Cholecystitis People with inflammation of the gallbladder, Cholecystitis, are at risk of the cancer.
6. Etc.
B. Diet
1. Garlic
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
2. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.
3. Carrot
Carrot contains high amount of beta carotene which has shown to induce appotosis of cancer cells. In study of Cell Cycle Regulation and Induction of Apoptosis by β-carotene, researchers found that in vivo study warrants further confirmation that β-carotene acts as apoptosis agent in cancer cells particularly leukemia cells but not normal cells.
4. Tomato
Many studies showed that antioxidant lycopene in tomato inhibits cancer cell growth and exhibit apoptosis, causing cell death.
5. Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, etc. beside contain high amount of antioxidants, but also phytonutrients that have been shown to help prevent the onset and halt the progression of certain cancers.
6. Etc.
C. Nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidants - - free radical scavengers
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
3. Theanine
an amino acid that produces tranquilizing effects in the brain, theanine found in green tea, has a significant clinical results for naturally calming as it promotes alpha brain waves, putting you in a state of relaxation without causing drowsiness. It also increases the dopamine levels in the brain, leading to a well-being feeling.
4. Indole-3-carbinol
Cabbage, a curciferous vegetables contains high amount of indole-3-carbinol, a chemical which boosts DNA repair in cells and appears to block the growth of cancer cells.
5. Quercetin
In study of effects of quercetin on human laryngeal cancer Hep-2 cells, researchers found that Quercetin could effectively inhibit the proliferation of Hep-2 cells and its mechanism is probably related to the apoptosis
6. Etc.
Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
1. Surgery
Surgery is the primary treatment for patient with in gallbladder cancer. If the cancer has not spread and within the gallbladder, then removing it will have a higher chance to cure. If the cancer has spread to the liver then surgery will include the removal of the gallbladder and parts of the liver.
2. Radiotherapy
a. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing. Depending to stage, grade and location of the affected area. Radiation may be used in situations when surgery isn't an option.
b. Side effects
b.1.. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
3. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of skin cancer, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
4. Etc
B. Herbal medicine
1. Aloe
In some studies, researchers suggest that some chemical compounds of aloe, such as acemannan, aloeride, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) may have immunomodulating and anticancer effects.
2. Leaves of Camellia sinensis
In some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.
3. Allium sativum,
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
4. Allium tuberosum
In a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro. Oral administration of leek extract significantly reduced lung metastases in the present animal model.
5. Absinthe
Absinthe is also known as Wormwood, a distilled, highly alcoholic beverage flowers extracted from leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium. In a study, researcher at the University of Washington found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer.
C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Gan Cao
Gan Cao is also known as Licorice root. In-vitro, researchers found that saponins in Gan Cao stimulate the immune system and inhibit Epstein-Barr virus expression and possess anti-cancer activities.
2. Huang Qi
In study of Astragalus-Based Chinese Herbs and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials, researchers found that astragalus may increase effectiveness of platinum-based chemotherapy when combined with chemotherapy. These results require confirmation with rigorously controlled trials.
According to the American Cancer Society, the substances, licochalcone-A, licocoumarone and glabridin, which are present in licorice root, may prevent mutations in the DNA and kill existing cancer.
3. Wu Ling Zhi
Wu Ling Zhi is also known as Trogopterus Dung. A report from China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2006-07 showed that Radix ex Rhizoma Ginseng and Trogopterus Dung inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of tumor cell.
4. Qing Hao
Qing Hao is also known as wormwood. In a study, researcher at the University of Washington researcher found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer among the ancient arts of Chinese folk medicine.
5. Ban Zhi Lian
In a recent study results suggest that ginger, tea, and a Chinese herb called Scutellaria barbata or Ban Zhi Lian could all help to prevent cancer.
For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Rare Cancer in Adulthood - Carcinoid/ Carcinoid Tumors
Carcinoid is a slow-growing type of neuroendocrine tumor, arisen from the malignant cells of the neuroendocrine system, but it can produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream, causing symptoms of flushing in the face and chest and wheezing. Approximately 75–87% The tumors found in the digestive tract such as appendix, small bowel, stomach. etc. at the level of the ileum and 28% in the respiratory tract of all cases.
Symptoms
1. Abdominal pain and cramps
Due to the tumor in the abdomen has affected the nerve of the area.
2. Symptoms due to production of hormones from the cancer
a. Facial flushing
b. Chest flushing
c. Diarrhea
d. Wheezing
e. Etc.
Causes and risk factors
1. Family history
Increased risk of carcinoid for people with family history with the disease.
2. Health condition
Certain chronic health conditions, such as a peptic ulcer or Zollinger Ellison syndrome can increase risk of the carcinoid.
3. Race
Black men of African descent are at higher risk than other races.
4. Gender
Women are at higher risk of carcinoid before the age of 50, but the risk reverses after that
5. Smoking
A study in Europe also found that smoking may double the risk of having a carcinoid tumor in the small intestine than non smokers
6. Syndrome
Family syndrome with multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 (MEN1) is at higher risk of the disease.
7. Etc.
Grades
The grade of mesothelioma are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Carcinoid is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated into deeper tissue and remain on the surface of the organ.
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside tissue lining but still completely inside the affected organ.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:
The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b.Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the other tissue of the organ, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:
Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage IIIn stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the affected organ.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the affected organ.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissue immediately outside of the affected organ to distant parts of the body.
Diagnosis and test
After recording your family history and symptoms of above, a physical exam is to check for any sign of tumor,especially in the abdominal region.
1. Urinary and blood test
The tests is to measure the levels of the levels of serotonin or its by-products such as 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), neuropeptide, neurotensin, secretin, etc. over 24 hours period, the higher levels may be an indication of carcinoid. Serotonin-rich foods such as pineapple, eggplant, walnuts, banana, etc. may interfere with result make sure you follow the instruction your doctor before taking the tests.
2. Chest x ray
If your doctor suspected the cancer has spread to the lung or the primary cancer is in the lung.
3. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details. The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
4. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the tissue, the organ and surrounding areas.
5. Positron emission tomography (PET)
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a type of nuclear medicine imaging with the uses of small amounts of short-lived radioactive material, either injected into a vein, swallowed or inhaled as a gas which will appear in the area of the body being examined, where it gives off energy in the form of gamma rays detected by a camera of positron emission tomography that produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes of the organ in the body.
6. Etc.
Preventions
A. How to avoid
1. People with stomach pain and ulcer may have carcinoid growth in the stomach without knowing, because it is slow grow and most of time it can be discovered before causing any symptoms or problem.
2. Quit smoking
Since smoking double the risk of carcinoid, stop smoking can reduces it.
3. Etc.
B. Diet
Although there no effective way in preventing the development of carcinoids, eating foods contains high amount of antioxidants and have been found to have some effects in killing cancers in certain studies might be helpful in preventing the disease.
1. Green tea
Green tea contain low levels of oxalate and some researchers believe that the amount of oxalate may already absorbed by the digestive system, before it has the change to enter the body . In some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.
2. Grape
Grape contains high amount of resveratrol which in some clinical studies of resveratrol, researchers found that resveratrol demonstrated an ability to reduce tumors already in existence, prevent cellular damage, and work to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy.
3. Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, etc. beside contain high amount of antioxidants, but also phytonutrients that have been shown to help prevent the onset and halt the progression of certain cancers.
4. Carrot
In a study from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (UK) and the University of Southern Denmark (Odense) used a rat model to study the effect of carrots and falcarinol on tumor development, researchers found that found a diet rich in carrots provides anticancer benefits due to the activity of the chemical falcarinol.
5. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.
6. Etc.
C. Nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidant - free radical scavengers
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
3. Indole-3-carbinol
Cabbage, a curciferous vegetables contains high amount of indole-3-carbinol, a chemical which boosts DNA repair in cells and appears to block the growth of cancer cells.
4. Modified citrus pectin
In a study, researcher found modified citrus pectin may help block the growth and metastasis of solid tumors.
5. Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are under active research for possible benefits immune system, and as anti-cancer agents. Flavonoids found abundant in berry, inhibit caner cell in vitro study.
6. Etc.
Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
1. Surgery
In most cases, due to slow growth over a long period of time before it can cause any symptom, carcinoid is discovered in operation of other diseases and it is removed in the same surgery.
2. Radiotherapy
a. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills lung cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing. Depending to stage or grade there are two types of radiation therapy. In carcinoma, radiotherapy is useful when it is cauing symptoms or the recurrence of the cancer.
b. Side effects
b.1.. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
3. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of indolent lymphomas, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs, such as streptozotocin, 5-flourouracil, dacarbazine, etc. taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells. In carcinoma, chemotherapy is not very sensitive, but can be helpful to relieve symptoms caused hormonal change.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
4. Embolization
a. Embolization is a minimally invasive treatment to block the blood vessels or vascular channels of the cancer. In carcinoma, by injecting certain substance into the artery that feeds the tumor to block the blood supply to the tumor, thus reducing the symptoms caused by 5-ht, under guiding of x ray image.
b. Risks and side effects
1. Fever
2. Pain in the affected area.
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Etc.
B. Herbal medicine
1. Fenugreek
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed), genus Trigonella, belonging to family Fabaceae. Vitro studies have shown that fenugreek exhibits chemopreventive properties against certain cancers.
2. Celandine
Celandine is a herbaceous perennial plant, genus Chelidonium, belonging to the family Papaveraceae, native to Europe and western Asia and introduced widely in North America.
In a study of Ukrain (Ukrain is an anticancer drug based on the extract of the plant)– a new cancer cure? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials, researcher suggested, according to the data from randomised clinical trials that Ukrain to have potential as an anticancer drug. However, numerous caveats prevent a positive conclusion, and independent rigorous studies are urgently needed.
3. Asparagus Cochinchinensis
In vitro studies researchers found that curcumin acts as a weak phytoestrogen, exhibits neuroprotective, antiproliferative and preventative effects against cancer.
4. Absinthe
Absinthe is also known as Wormwood, a distilled, highly alcoholic beverage flowers extracted from leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium. In a study, researchers at the University of Washington found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer.
5. Aloe
in some studies, researchers suggest that some chemical compounds of aloe, such as acemannan, aloeride, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) may have immunomodulating and anticancer effects.
6. Etc.
C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Dang qui
Dang qui is also known as Chinese angelica root. A study published in the journal Life Sciences in August 2004 showed that an extract of Dang qui was able to slow the proliferation of several different types of cancer cells in vitro.
2. Huang Qi
In study of Astragalus-Based Chinese Herbs and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials, researchers found that astragalus may increase effectiveness of platinum-based chemotherapy when combined with chemotherapy. These results require confirmation with rigorously controlled trials.
According to the American Cancer Society, the substances, licochalcone-A, licocoumarone and glabridin, which are present in licorice root, may prevent mutations in the DNA and kill existing cancer.
3. Pu Kong Yin (Dandelion Root)
In a study of the efficacy of dandelion root extract in inducing apoptosis in drug-resistant human melanoma cells, researchers found that treatment with this common, yet potent extract of natural compounds has proven novel in specifically inducing apoptosis in chemoresistant melanoma, without toxicity to healthy cells.
4. Bai Hua She She Cao
The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.
5. Jie Geng
The Researchers found that aponins in Jie Geng have been shown to very significantly augment the cytotoxicity of immunotoxins and other targeted toxins directed against human cancer cells.
6. Etc.
For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Symptoms
1. Abdominal pain and cramps
Due to the tumor in the abdomen has affected the nerve of the area.
2. Symptoms due to production of hormones from the cancer
a. Facial flushing
b. Chest flushing
c. Diarrhea
d. Wheezing
e. Etc.
Causes and risk factors
1. Family history
Increased risk of carcinoid for people with family history with the disease.
2. Health condition
Certain chronic health conditions, such as a peptic ulcer or Zollinger Ellison syndrome can increase risk of the carcinoid.
3. Race
Black men of African descent are at higher risk than other races.
4. Gender
Women are at higher risk of carcinoid before the age of 50, but the risk reverses after that
5. Smoking
A study in Europe also found that smoking may double the risk of having a carcinoid tumor in the small intestine than non smokers
6. Syndrome
Family syndrome with multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 (MEN1) is at higher risk of the disease.
7. Etc.
Grades
The grade of mesothelioma are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Carcinoid is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated into deeper tissue and remain on the surface of the organ.
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside tissue lining but still completely inside the affected organ.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:
The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b.Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the other tissue of the organ, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:
Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage IIIn stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the affected organ.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the affected organ.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissue immediately outside of the affected organ to distant parts of the body.
Diagnosis and test
After recording your family history and symptoms of above, a physical exam is to check for any sign of tumor,especially in the abdominal region.
1. Urinary and blood test
The tests is to measure the levels of the levels of serotonin or its by-products such as 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), neuropeptide, neurotensin, secretin, etc. over 24 hours period, the higher levels may be an indication of carcinoid. Serotonin-rich foods such as pineapple, eggplant, walnuts, banana, etc. may interfere with result make sure you follow the instruction your doctor before taking the tests.
2. Chest x ray
If your doctor suspected the cancer has spread to the lung or the primary cancer is in the lung.
3. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details. The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
4. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the tissue, the organ and surrounding areas.
5. Positron emission tomography (PET)
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a type of nuclear medicine imaging with the uses of small amounts of short-lived radioactive material, either injected into a vein, swallowed or inhaled as a gas which will appear in the area of the body being examined, where it gives off energy in the form of gamma rays detected by a camera of positron emission tomography that produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes of the organ in the body.
6. Etc.
Preventions
A. How to avoid
1. People with stomach pain and ulcer may have carcinoid growth in the stomach without knowing, because it is slow grow and most of time it can be discovered before causing any symptoms or problem.
2. Quit smoking
Since smoking double the risk of carcinoid, stop smoking can reduces it.
3. Etc.
B. Diet
Although there no effective way in preventing the development of carcinoids, eating foods contains high amount of antioxidants and have been found to have some effects in killing cancers in certain studies might be helpful in preventing the disease.
1. Green tea
Green tea contain low levels of oxalate and some researchers believe that the amount of oxalate may already absorbed by the digestive system, before it has the change to enter the body . In some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.
2. Grape
Grape contains high amount of resveratrol which in some clinical studies of resveratrol, researchers found that resveratrol demonstrated an ability to reduce tumors already in existence, prevent cellular damage, and work to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy.
3. Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, etc. beside contain high amount of antioxidants, but also phytonutrients that have been shown to help prevent the onset and halt the progression of certain cancers.
4. Carrot
In a study from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (UK) and the University of Southern Denmark (Odense) used a rat model to study the effect of carrots and falcarinol on tumor development, researchers found that found a diet rich in carrots provides anticancer benefits due to the activity of the chemical falcarinol.
5. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.
6. Etc.
C. Nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidant - free radical scavengers
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
3. Indole-3-carbinol
Cabbage, a curciferous vegetables contains high amount of indole-3-carbinol, a chemical which boosts DNA repair in cells and appears to block the growth of cancer cells.
4. Modified citrus pectin
In a study, researcher found modified citrus pectin may help block the growth and metastasis of solid tumors.
5. Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are under active research for possible benefits immune system, and as anti-cancer agents. Flavonoids found abundant in berry, inhibit caner cell in vitro study.
6. Etc.
Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
1. Surgery
In most cases, due to slow growth over a long period of time before it can cause any symptom, carcinoid is discovered in operation of other diseases and it is removed in the same surgery.
2. Radiotherapy
a. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills lung cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing. Depending to stage or grade there are two types of radiation therapy. In carcinoma, radiotherapy is useful when it is cauing symptoms or the recurrence of the cancer.
b. Side effects
b.1.. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
3. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of indolent lymphomas, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs, such as streptozotocin, 5-flourouracil, dacarbazine, etc. taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells. In carcinoma, chemotherapy is not very sensitive, but can be helpful to relieve symptoms caused hormonal change.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
4. Embolization
a. Embolization is a minimally invasive treatment to block the blood vessels or vascular channels of the cancer. In carcinoma, by injecting certain substance into the artery that feeds the tumor to block the blood supply to the tumor, thus reducing the symptoms caused by 5-ht, under guiding of x ray image.
b. Risks and side effects
1. Fever
2. Pain in the affected area.
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Etc.
B. Herbal medicine
1. Fenugreek
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed), genus Trigonella, belonging to family Fabaceae. Vitro studies have shown that fenugreek exhibits chemopreventive properties against certain cancers.
2. Celandine
Celandine is a herbaceous perennial plant, genus Chelidonium, belonging to the family Papaveraceae, native to Europe and western Asia and introduced widely in North America.
In a study of Ukrain (Ukrain is an anticancer drug based on the extract of the plant)– a new cancer cure? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials, researcher suggested, according to the data from randomised clinical trials that Ukrain to have potential as an anticancer drug. However, numerous caveats prevent a positive conclusion, and independent rigorous studies are urgently needed.
3. Asparagus Cochinchinensis
In vitro studies researchers found that curcumin acts as a weak phytoestrogen, exhibits neuroprotective, antiproliferative and preventative effects against cancer.
4. Absinthe
Absinthe is also known as Wormwood, a distilled, highly alcoholic beverage flowers extracted from leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium. In a study, researchers at the University of Washington found that wormwood can be used as a promising potential treatment for cancer.
5. Aloe
in some studies, researchers suggest that some chemical compounds of aloe, such as acemannan, aloeride, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) may have immunomodulating and anticancer effects.
6. Etc.
C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Dang qui
Dang qui is also known as Chinese angelica root. A study published in the journal Life Sciences in August 2004 showed that an extract of Dang qui was able to slow the proliferation of several different types of cancer cells in vitro.
2. Huang Qi
In study of Astragalus-Based Chinese Herbs and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials, researchers found that astragalus may increase effectiveness of platinum-based chemotherapy when combined with chemotherapy. These results require confirmation with rigorously controlled trials.
According to the American Cancer Society, the substances, licochalcone-A, licocoumarone and glabridin, which are present in licorice root, may prevent mutations in the DNA and kill existing cancer.
3. Pu Kong Yin (Dandelion Root)
In a study of the efficacy of dandelion root extract in inducing apoptosis in drug-resistant human melanoma cells, researchers found that treatment with this common, yet potent extract of natural compounds has proven novel in specifically inducing apoptosis in chemoresistant melanoma, without toxicity to healthy cells.
4. Bai Hua She She Cao
The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.
5. Jie Geng
The Researchers found that aponins in Jie Geng have been shown to very significantly augment the cytotoxicity of immunotoxins and other targeted toxins directed against human cancer cells.
6. Etc.
For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Rare Cancer in Adulthood - Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma)
Bile duct, the tube-like structure carries bile to the intestine for foods digestion secreted by the liver through the common bile duct.
Bile duct cancer is defined as the malignant cells originated from the cells in the duct. It more likely to affects people between age of 50 - 70 with an annual incident rate of less 2 cases per 100,000 in the Western world.
Symptoms
1 Abdominal pain
Due to the enlarged tumor that has blocked the flow of bile.
2. Jaundice
Any blockage of the flow of bile will reduce liver function in waste procession, in this case, it is death of blood cells.
3. Weight loss
Weight loss is a general cause of cancer
4. Itching
Due to abnormal function in toxins procession.
5. Fever
As a result of infection or inflammation
6. Stool or urine color change
Due to bile flows back to the liver.
7. Enlarged liver
May be caused by back flow of bile
8. Nausea and vomiting
They are the general symptoms of cancer
9. Loss of appetite
Another general symptom of cancer
10. Etc.
Causes and risk factors
The exact cause of bile duct is unknown
1. Liver diseases
Increased risk of bile duct cancer for people with liver diseases such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, ulcerative colitis, choledochal cysts, cirrhosis, etc.
2. Parasites
Due to eating uncooked fish, meat and plant growth in the infected water contains tiny fluke parasite worm.
3. Age
The cancer is more likely to develop in the age between 50- 70.
4. Obesity
Hormonal change due to obesity increase the risk of bile duct cancer.
5. Gene
In a study of K-ras Mutation, p53 Overexpression, and Microsatellite Instability in Biliary Tract Cancers by Asif Rashid1, Takashi Ueki, Yu-Tang Gao, Patrick Scott Houlihan, Charita Wallace, Bing-Sheng Wang, Ming-Chang Shen, Jie Deng, and Ann W. Hsing reserchers found that ...K-ras mutation was present in 14.3% of the biliary tract cancers in our study......p53 overexpression was present in 27.6% of biliary tract cancers.... MSI-high was present in 3.2% of biliary tract cancers.... genetic alterations in biliary tract cancer vary by subsite and histological type of tumor and by age of onset of the tumor. The frequency of the K-ras mutation is dependent on the subsite of the biliary tract cancer and associated with prognosis of bile duct cancers; p53 overexpression and MSI are associated with the histological type of tumor; and MSI is associated with early age of onset without HNPCC.
6. Chemical exposure
People have exposed to certain chemical substances such as thorium dioxide, nitrosamines, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls are st risk of bile duct cancer.
7. Infection of hepatitis B and C
Inflammation and infection caused by hep B, C can cause the increased risk of the disease.
9. Family history
Risk of bile duct cancer increase for people with family history of bile duct cancer.
10. Alcohol drinking
Excessive drinking can cause cirrhosis, leading to increased risk of bile duct cancer.
11. Etc.
Grades
The grade of bile duct cancer are depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Bile duct cancer is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cell have not penetrated into deeper tissue but on the surface of the inside lining of the bile duct .
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside bile duct lining but still completely inside the bile duct.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:
The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b.Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the bile duct.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the bile duct.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissue immediately outside of the bile duct to distant parts of the body.
Diagnosis and tests
After recording the family history and physical exam to check for any sign of cancer such as swelling, lump, etc. Your doctor may suggested the diagnosis and tests below.
1. Blood test
With the blood withdrawn from your vein, it is test to measure the levels of bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. Higher levels of above are indication of improper function of the bile duct.
2. Blood test for tumor markers (CEA and CA19-9)
Any indication of high levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA19-9 in the blood may be result of bile duct cancer.
3. Biopsy
In bile duct cancer biopsy, a very small tissue sample is extracted and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells by using a thin, tube like medical instrument to look for the grade of abnormal cells growth by a pathologist, depending to the location of the cancer.
4. Ultrasound
Ultrasound allows your doctor to visualize and assess the size and to check for any abnormality and surrounding area with image taken from the test.
5. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details. The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
6. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the vulva and surrounding areas.
7. Fine needle aspiration (FNA)
In fine needle aspiration (FNA) bile duct diagnosis, a needle is guided by ultrasound or CT scan from the skin through the abdomen and into the bile duct to exam the tumor if there is one. Sample is also taken for examination by a pathologist under microscope.
8. Etc.
Preventions
A. How to avoid
1. Avoid eating raw fish and meat
It is proven that raw fish and meat may contain parasites which cause bile duct cancer.
2. Clean your raw vegetables
vegetables grown in contaminated water can contain parasites that cause the disease.
3. Avoid infected by hepatitis
Take hepatitis vaccine
4. Avoid exposure to certain chemicals
Avoid making contact with certain chemicals such as thorium dioxide, nitrosamines, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls can increase the risk if bile duct cancer. If occupation required, please take all necessary precaution.
5. Lose weight
Obesity is proven can cause hormonal changes that can cause bile duct cancer.
6. Avoid alcohol
Excessive drinking can cause cirrhosis and other liver diseases.
7. Etc.
B. Diet
1. Carrot
Carrot contains high amount of beta carotene which has shown to induce appotosis of cancer cells. In study of Cell Cycle Regulation and Induction of Apoptosis by β-carotene, researchers found that in vivo study warrants further confirmation that β-carotene acts as apoptosis agent in cancer cells particularly leukemia cells but not normal cells.
2. Garlic
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
3. Green tea
In some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.
4. Cabbage
Cabbage beside contains high amount of antioxidants, but also phytonutrients that have been shown to help prevent the onset and halt the progression of certain cancers.
5. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.
6. Etc.
C. Nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidants - free radical scavengersVitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
3. Lycopene
Many studies showed that antioxidant lycopene in tomato inhibits cancer cell growth and exhibit apoptosis, causing cell death.
4. Omega 3 polyunsurated fatty acid
In a study of Cyclooxygenase-2–Derived Prostaglandin E2 Activates Beta-Catenin in Human Cholangiocarcinoma Cells: Evidence for Inhibition of TheseSignaling Pathways by W3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Kyu Lim, Chang Han, Lihong Xu, Kumiko Isse, Anthony J. Demetris and Tong Wu, researchers found that COX-2–derived PGE2 activates beta-catenin in human cholangiocarcinomacells and that N3-PUFAs inhibit cholangiocarcinoma cell growth by simultaneously blocking beat-catenin and COX-2 signaling pathways.Our findings provide important preclinical evidence and molecularinsight for potential utilization of omega 3-PUFAs in the chemopreventionand treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
5. Selenium
Research showed that selenium has a protective effect on various stages of cancer, including both the early and later stages of the disease. In a study in large groups of people, researchers found that in areas of the world where selenium levels in the soil are high, death rates from cancer are significantly lower than in areas where selenium levels are low.
6.Etc.
Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
1. Surgery
a. The aim of the surgery is to cure, if the cancer is small, the bile duct is removed and replaced by making a new duct connect to the openings in the liver to the intestine. In case of cancer has spread to the liver then part of liver is removed as well, depending to the grade and stage and location of the cancer.
b. Risks and side effects
Surgical and anesthesia risks
2. Radiotherapy
a. Radiation may be used for stages II, III, and IV to kill any cancer cells remaining in the body. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills the cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing after surgery. Sometimes, radiotherapy is used instead of surgery under certain condition and situation.
b. Side effects
b.1. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
c. Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of cancer combined with radio therapy, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells. In bile duct cancer, the cancer is not sensitive to chemotherapy, but it can be used as additional treatment after surgery.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
B. Herb medicine
1. Tea
Tannins, a group of simple and complex phenol, polyphenols, and flavonoid compounds, once are considered anti nutritional but it is now known of their beneficial depending to their chemical structure and dosage for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasitic effects.
Theanine, an amino acid that produces tranquilizing effects in the brain, theanine found in green tea, has a significant clinical results for naturally calming as it promotes alpha brain waves, putting you in a state of relaxation without causing drowsiness. It also increases the dopamine levels in the brain, leading to a well-being feeling.
2. Celandine
Celandine is a herbaceous perennial plant, genus Chelidonium, belonging to the family Papaveraceae, native to Europe and western Asia and introduced widely in North America.
In a study of Ukrain (Ukrain is an anticancer drug based on the extract of the plant)– a new cancer cure? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials, researcher suggested, according to the data from randomised clinical trials that Ukrain to have potential as an anticancer drug. However, numerous caveats prevent a positive conclusion, and independent rigorous studies are urgently needed.
3. Curcumin
In laboratory and animal studies, researchers found that curcumin may slow the spread of cancer and the growth of new tumor blood vessels. It may also cause cancer cells to die.
4. Fenugreek
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed), genus Trigonella, belonging to family Fabaceae. Vitro studies have shown that fenugreek exhibits chemopreventive properties against certain cancers.
5. Etc.
C. Traditional Chinese medicineTannins, a group of simple and complex phenol, polyphenols, and flavonoid compounds, once are considered anti nutritional but it is now known of their beneficial depending to their chemical structure and dosage for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasitic effects.
Theanine, an amino acid that produces tranquilizing effects in the brain, theanine found in green tea, has a significant clinical results for naturally calming as it promotes alpha brain waves, putting you in a state of relaxation without causing drowsiness. It also increases the dopamine levels in the brain, leading to a well-being feeling.
2. Celandine
Celandine is a herbaceous perennial plant, genus Chelidonium, belonging to the family Papaveraceae, native to Europe and western Asia and introduced widely in North America.
In a study of Ukrain (Ukrain is an anticancer drug based on the extract of the plant)– a new cancer cure? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials, researcher suggested, according to the data from randomised clinical trials that Ukrain to have potential as an anticancer drug. However, numerous caveats prevent a positive conclusion, and independent rigorous studies are urgently needed.
3. Curcumin
In laboratory and animal studies, researchers found that curcumin may slow the spread of cancer and the growth of new tumor blood vessels. It may also cause cancer cells to die.
4. Fenugreek
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed), genus Trigonella, belonging to family Fabaceae. Vitro studies have shown that fenugreek exhibits chemopreventive properties against certain cancers.
5. Etc.
1. Pu Kong Yin (Dandelion Root)
In a study of the efficacy of dandelion root extract in inducing apoptosis in drug-resistant human melanoma cells, researchers found that treatment with this common, yet potent extract of natural compounds has proven novel in specifically inducing apoptosis in chemoresistant melanoma, without toxicity to healthy cells. Po kung yin is one the best Chinese herbs to treat hepatistic virus infection.
2. Bai Hua She She Cao
In a study of Evidence for Oldenlandia diffusa-evoked cancer cell apoptosis through superoxide burst and caspase activation by Yadav SK, Lee SC, researchers found that the ethanol extract of the herb effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.
3. Huang qi and Dang qui
According to the report of 2007 Dr. Narda G. Robinson, DO, DVM, MS. huang qi (astragalus) and Dang qui (angelica) activate the immune system and display antitumor activity.
In study of Astragalus-Based Chinese Herbs and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials, researchers found that astragalus may increase effectiveness of platinum-based chemotherapy when combined with chemotherapy. These results require confirmation with rigorously controlled trials.
According to the American Cancer Society, the substances, licochalcone-A, licocoumarone and glabridin, which are present in licorice root, may prevent mutations in the DNA and kill existing cancer.
4. Bai zhu
In a laboratory tests researchers found that neutral oil of the vaporizing oil bai zhu could inhibit esophagus cancer cells. 10mg/ml/hour could detach all the cancer cells. 5mg/ml/hour could detach most of the cancer cells and damaged the remaining cells. The nucleus became hazy and the cells became empty bubbles., according to Introduction of Research of Effect of Chinese Herbs on Cancer Cells.
5. Ling Zhi
Ling Zhi one of many herbs, has been used over thousands of year in treating abnormal cells growth in traditional Chinese and herbal medicine. In a study , researcher found that cancer cells responded to the herb much in the same way as they would react to chemotherapy drugs. Yet unlike chemotherapy drugs, which can also be toxic to healthy cells, herbal extracts were more deadly to cancer cells than to normal cells, indicating that they have some ability to specifically target cancer.
6. Etc.
For other cancer articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Rare Cancer in Adulthood - Anal cancer
Anus is a 3 cm muscular ring connected to the end of the rectum with the function of controlling the expulsion of feces.
Anal cancer is a type of cancer arisen from the malignant cells of the anus. It is a rare type of cancer in adulthood affected approximately 5000 men and women in US in 2010.
Symptoms
1. Bleeding
It may be caused by enlarged tumors affecting the capillaries in the anus or the large intestine trying to push waste through the blockage of the tumor.
2. Pain and pressure
As the feces trying to push through the blockage of the tumor or tumor has growth large enough to press onto the nerves.
3. Itching
May be due to infection
4. Lump
As the cancer has growth large enough to form a lump on the surface of the anus. This may be the early stage of the cancer.
5. Change of bowel habit
Due to affect of the tumor.
6. Weight loss
Any unintentional weight loss over 10% is the general symptoms of cancers.
7. Loss of appetite
Another symptom of cancer.
8. Lower back pain
The affect of tumor pressing to the nerve connect to the back.
9. Etc.
Causes and risk factors
1. Human papillomavirus (HPV virus)
In a study of Detection of Multiple Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Anal Carcinoma by Sonia Ramamoorthy, Yu-Tsueng Liu, Linda Luo, Katsumi Miyai, Qing Lu and John M Carethers, researchers found that the majority of anal cancers in our study associated with pathogenic HPV 16 and/or 18. Other HPV genotypes are present simultaneously with HPV 16 and 18, and might contribute to its pathogenesis.
2. Sexual activity
Anal sexual intercourse and sex with multiple partner can enhance the risk of HPV virus, leading to the disease.
3. Smoking
a. In a study by Epidemiologist Janet Daling, Ph.D., a member of Fred Hutchinson's Public Health Sciences Division, and her team, researchers found that smoking appears to play a significant role in anal-cancer development that's independent of other behavioral risk factors.
b. In a study of tobacco smoking and risk of recurrence for squamous cell cancer of the anus. researcher found that tobacco smoking appears to be associated with anal carcinoma disease recurrence, and is related to increased mortality. This data suggests that patients should be cautioned about tobacco smoking once a diagnosis of anal carcinoma is made in attempt to improve their long-term outcome.
4. Immunosuppression
The weaken immune system due to suppression of medicine insreaces riak of anal cancer as a result of HIV infection.
5. Inflammation
Inflammation caused by begnin anal lesions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), hemorrhoids, fistulae, hemorrhoids, anal fistulas, cicatrices, etc. enhance the risk of the cancer
6. Age
Risk of the cancer increase after age of 50
7. Etc.
Diagnosis and tests
After recording your family history and a complete physical exams for any lump including anal pap smears similar to those used in cervical cancer to detect the early stage of the anal cancer.
1. Anal pap smears
It is a easy done test similar to cervical pap test by using a small brush or cotton-tipped rod which is inserted into the anus to collect the the cells and examined under microscope.
2. Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound
It is a test with the use of a probe which is inserted into the rectum to generate high frequency sound waves (ultrasound waves) bouncing off internal tissues or organs. The pattern of echoes bounced off tissues is detected and converted into a picture on a screen of the computer to determine the location, size and stage of the cancer.
3. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details. The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
4. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the tissue, the organ and surrounding areas.
5. Etc.
Grades
The grade of anal cancer is depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Anal cancer is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cells have not penetrated into deeper tissue and remain on the surface of the anus.
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside tissue lining but still completely inside the affected anus.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b.Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the connected tissue of the anus, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the affected anus.
4. Stage IIIIn this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the affected anus.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissue immediately outside of the anus to distant parts of the body.
Preventions
A. How to avoid
1. Early diagnosis
If you feel that you have any of above symptoms, you should check with your doctor. In general, cancer disceovered in the early stage can ce treated without risk of colostomy.
2. Practice safe sex
If you have several partners or anal sexual preference, please use any precaution to be infected by sexual transmtting diseases.
3. Vaccine
At 22 December 2010, FDA has approved Gardasil vaccine to prevent anal cancer and pre-cancerous lesions in males and females aged 9 to 26 years to protect against anal cancer.
4. Quit Smoking
As it has been proven as one the risk factor of anal cancer.
5. Etc.
B. Diet
1. Omega 3 fatty acids
In a study of The Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cancer, researcher found that that omega-3 fatty acids may affect tumor behavior by competing with omega-6 fatty acids for the enzymes that metabolize them to their bioactive products or by influencing the genes for these enzymes; however, other evidence suggests an effect on intracellular redox state and the integrity of membrane lipids.
2. Carrot
In a study from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (UK) and the University of Southern Denmark (Odense) used a rat model to study the effect of carrots and falcarinol on tumor development, researchers found that found a diet rich in carrots provides anticancer benefits due to the activity of the chemical falcarinol.
3. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.
4. Grape
Grape contains high amount of resveratrol which in some clinical studies of resveratrol, researchers found that resveratrol demonstrated an ability to reduce tumors already in existence, prevent cellular damage, and work to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy.
5. Garlic
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
6. Etc.
C. Nutritional Supplements
1. Antioxiadant - Free radical scavengers
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Transferrin
In a study of Transferrin Binding Protein Nanoparticles to Treat Cancer, researcher found that the use of this technique (laboratory invented a “print” technology, able to exact size and shape of human Zaochu meet the expectations of the nano-particles.) to produce a kind of preclusion can be combined with human transfer the biocompatibility of ferritin nanoparticles, which can safely and accurately identify the spectrum of cancer, in addition to B cell lymphoma,....
3. Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are under active research for possible benefits immune system, and as anti-cancer agents. Flavonoids found abundant in berry, inhibit caner cell in vitro study.
4. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
5. Zinc
In Zinc and Cancer - Seminar by Belinda Hope indicated that epidemiologic studies suggest zinc deficiency may be associated with increased cancer risk and one way to do this is to improve general immunity using nutrients such as zinc.
6. Etc.
Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
1. Surgery
a. Depending to the location and size of the tumor, if the cancer is small, the chance of cure is higher, as it can be removed with out affect the anusfunctions.
b. In case of infeasibility, abdominoperineal resection may be necessary with the removal of the anus, rectum, and part of the sigmoid colon as an opening is made in the surface of the abdomen to collect body feces in a disposable bag outside of the body (colostomy)
c. Risks and side effects
Surgical and anesthesia risks
3. Radiotherapy
a. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills lung cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing. Depending to stage, grade and location of the affected area. Radiation may be used in situations when surgery isn't an option.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1.. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
4. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of the cancer, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs such as adriamycin, cis-platinum, cyclophosphamide, etc. taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigueb.
5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
B. Herbal medicine
1. Allium tuberosumIn a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro. Oral administration of leek extract significantly reduced lung metastases in the present animal model.
2. Red clover
3. Allium sativum
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
4. Green tea
Leaves of Camellia sinensis, in some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.
5. Etc.
C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Dong ling Cao (Rabdosime Rubescentis)
In laboratory animals study, reported by Joe Hing Kwok Chu, Dong ling Cao's components rubescensine A and B inhibit Ehrlich-Ascites tumor, sarcoma180 and esophageal carcinoma.
2. Yi Yi Ren and other herbs
In clinical study with(100ml was equal to 50g crude drug), oral administration, 20~40ml, 3 times daily, Yi Yi Ren combined with Teng Liu, He Zi An Ling Tiao was used to treat alimentary tract cancers. 168 cases of patients were treated, 1 dose every day, taken in three times.After treatment, the appetite and general condition were improved. And this formula had certain therapeutic effects on 30 cases out of 36 cases who took over three months’ treatment.
3. Bai Hua She She Cao
The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.
4. Jiu Zi (Chinese leek)
In a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro.
5. Etc.
For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
Anal cancer is a type of cancer arisen from the malignant cells of the anus. It is a rare type of cancer in adulthood affected approximately 5000 men and women in US in 2010.
Symptoms
1. Bleeding
It may be caused by enlarged tumors affecting the capillaries in the anus or the large intestine trying to push waste through the blockage of the tumor.
2. Pain and pressure
As the feces trying to push through the blockage of the tumor or tumor has growth large enough to press onto the nerves.
3. Itching
May be due to infection
4. Lump
As the cancer has growth large enough to form a lump on the surface of the anus. This may be the early stage of the cancer.
5. Change of bowel habit
Due to affect of the tumor.
6. Weight loss
Any unintentional weight loss over 10% is the general symptoms of cancers.
7. Loss of appetite
Another symptom of cancer.
8. Lower back pain
The affect of tumor pressing to the nerve connect to the back.
9. Etc.
Causes and risk factors
1. Human papillomavirus (HPV virus)
In a study of Detection of Multiple Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Anal Carcinoma by Sonia Ramamoorthy, Yu-Tsueng Liu, Linda Luo, Katsumi Miyai, Qing Lu and John M Carethers, researchers found that the majority of anal cancers in our study associated with pathogenic HPV 16 and/or 18. Other HPV genotypes are present simultaneously with HPV 16 and 18, and might contribute to its pathogenesis.
2. Sexual activity
Anal sexual intercourse and sex with multiple partner can enhance the risk of HPV virus, leading to the disease.
3. Smoking
a. In a study by Epidemiologist Janet Daling, Ph.D., a member of Fred Hutchinson's Public Health Sciences Division, and her team, researchers found that smoking appears to play a significant role in anal-cancer development that's independent of other behavioral risk factors.
b. In a study of tobacco smoking and risk of recurrence for squamous cell cancer of the anus. researcher found that tobacco smoking appears to be associated with anal carcinoma disease recurrence, and is related to increased mortality. This data suggests that patients should be cautioned about tobacco smoking once a diagnosis of anal carcinoma is made in attempt to improve their long-term outcome.
4. Immunosuppression
The weaken immune system due to suppression of medicine insreaces riak of anal cancer as a result of HIV infection.
5. Inflammation
Inflammation caused by begnin anal lesions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), hemorrhoids, fistulae, hemorrhoids, anal fistulas, cicatrices, etc. enhance the risk of the cancer
6. Age
Risk of the cancer increase after age of 50
7. Etc.
Diagnosis and tests
After recording your family history and a complete physical exams for any lump including anal pap smears similar to those used in cervical cancer to detect the early stage of the anal cancer.
1. Anal pap smears
It is a easy done test similar to cervical pap test by using a small brush or cotton-tipped rod which is inserted into the anus to collect the the cells and examined under microscope.
2. Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound
It is a test with the use of a probe which is inserted into the rectum to generate high frequency sound waves (ultrasound waves) bouncing off internal tissues or organs. The pattern of echoes bounced off tissues is detected and converted into a picture on a screen of the computer to determine the location, size and stage of the cancer.
3. CT scan
A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details. The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes. Unfortunately, CT scan can only review the existence of cancer, but can not tell it is a primary or secondary cancer.
4. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in the tissue, the organ and surrounding areas.
5. Etc.
Grades
The grade of anal cancer is depending to the tendency of spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.
Stages
Anal cancer is classified as 5 stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cells have not penetrated into deeper tissue and remain on the surface of the anus.
2. Stage I
In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the inside tissue lining but still completely inside the affected anus.
a. Stage IA
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1:The spreading is not less than 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2:The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b.Stage IB:
The cancer in this stage have invaded the connected tissue of the anus, & less than 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1:
Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2:Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (1/5 inch)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the affected anus.
4. Stage IIIIn this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the affected anus.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissue immediately outside of the anus to distant parts of the body.
Preventions
A. How to avoid
1. Early diagnosis
If you feel that you have any of above symptoms, you should check with your doctor. In general, cancer disceovered in the early stage can ce treated without risk of colostomy.
2. Practice safe sex
If you have several partners or anal sexual preference, please use any precaution to be infected by sexual transmtting diseases.
3. Vaccine
At 22 December 2010, FDA has approved Gardasil vaccine to prevent anal cancer and pre-cancerous lesions in males and females aged 9 to 26 years to protect against anal cancer.
4. Quit Smoking
As it has been proven as one the risk factor of anal cancer.
5. Etc.
B. Diet
1. Omega 3 fatty acids
In a study of The Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cancer, researcher found that that omega-3 fatty acids may affect tumor behavior by competing with omega-6 fatty acids for the enzymes that metabolize them to their bioactive products or by influencing the genes for these enzymes; however, other evidence suggests an effect on intracellular redox state and the integrity of membrane lipids.
2. Carrot
In a study from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (UK) and the University of Southern Denmark (Odense) used a rat model to study the effect of carrots and falcarinol on tumor development, researchers found that found a diet rich in carrots provides anticancer benefits due to the activity of the chemical falcarinol.
3. Soy
In laboratory studies, saponins have shown the ability to inhibit the reproduction of cancer cells and slow the growth of tumors in several different tissues.
4. Grape
Grape contains high amount of resveratrol which in some clinical studies of resveratrol, researchers found that resveratrol demonstrated an ability to reduce tumors already in existence, prevent cellular damage, and work to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy.
5. Garlic
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
6. Etc.
C. Nutritional Supplements
1. Antioxiadant - Free radical scavengers
Vitamin A, C, E are free radical scavengers enhanced the immune system against the forming of free radicals and prevent the alternation of cell DNA cause of abnormal cell growth. For more information of how antioxidants help to treat cancer, click here
2. Transferrin
In a study of Transferrin Binding Protein Nanoparticles to Treat Cancer, researcher found that the use of this technique (laboratory invented a “print” technology, able to exact size and shape of human Zaochu meet the expectations of the nano-particles.) to produce a kind of preclusion can be combined with human transfer the biocompatibility of ferritin nanoparticles, which can safely and accurately identify the spectrum of cancer, in addition to B cell lymphoma,....
3. Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are under active research for possible benefits immune system, and as anti-cancer agents. Flavonoids found abundant in berry, inhibit caner cell in vitro study.
4. Beta -carotene
In some laboratory, animal, and human studies, researchers found that vitamin A, certain retinoids may also inhibit cancer development.
5. Zinc
In Zinc and Cancer - Seminar by Belinda Hope indicated that epidemiologic studies suggest zinc deficiency may be associated with increased cancer risk and one way to do this is to improve general immunity using nutrients such as zinc.
6. Etc.
Treatments
A. In conventional medicine
1. Surgery
a. Depending to the location and size of the tumor, if the cancer is small, the chance of cure is higher, as it can be removed with out affect the anusfunctions.
b. In case of infeasibility, abdominoperineal resection may be necessary with the removal of the anus, rectum, and part of the sigmoid colon as an opening is made in the surface of the abdomen to collect body feces in a disposable bag outside of the body (colostomy)
c. Risks and side effects
Surgical and anesthesia risks
3. Radiotherapy
a. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills lung cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing. Depending to stage, grade and location of the affected area. Radiation may be used in situations when surgery isn't an option.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1.. Fatigue
b.2. Chest pain
b.3. Heart problem
b.4. Short of breath
b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
b.6. Etc.
4. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of the cancer, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs such as adriamycin, cis-platinum, cyclophosphamide, etc. taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells.
b. Risks and side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigueb.
5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
B. Herbal medicine
1. Allium tuberosumIn a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro. Oral administration of leek extract significantly reduced lung metastases in the present animal model.
2. Red clover
3. Allium sativum
An analysis of several case-controlled studies in Europe suggests an inverse association between garlic consumption and risk of common cancers.
4. Green tea
Leaves of Camellia sinensis, in some clinical studies researchers suggested that the polyphenols in green tea, may play an important role in the prevention of cancer by killing cancerous cells and stopping their progression.
5. Etc.
C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Dong ling Cao (Rabdosime Rubescentis)
In laboratory animals study, reported by Joe Hing Kwok Chu, Dong ling Cao's components rubescensine A and B inhibit Ehrlich-Ascites tumor, sarcoma180 and esophageal carcinoma.
2. Yi Yi Ren and other herbs
In clinical study with(100ml was equal to 50g crude drug), oral administration, 20~40ml, 3 times daily, Yi Yi Ren combined with Teng Liu, He Zi An Ling Tiao was used to treat alimentary tract cancers. 168 cases of patients were treated, 1 dose every day, taken in three times.After treatment, the appetite and general condition were improved. And this formula had certain therapeutic effects on 30 cases out of 36 cases who took over three months’ treatment.
3. Bai Hua She She Cao
The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.
4. Jiu Zi (Chinese leek)
In a study of A Pilot Study on Anticancer Activities of Chinese Leek researchers found that Chinese leek extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro.
5. Etc.
For other health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/
Please follow me at http://twitter.com/kylejnorton
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